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Biology 12 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a form of an element that differs in its numbers of neutrons

A

isotope

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2
Q

a radioactive isotope of an element

A

radioisotope

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3
Q

a region of space that is occupied by electrons located around the nucleus of an atom

A

orbital

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4
Q

an electron in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom

A

valence electron

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5
Q

a bond that results from the attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules

A

ionic bond

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6
Q

an ion that has a positive charge

A

cation

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7
Q

an ion that has a negative charge

A

anion

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8
Q

the measure of an atom’s attraction to shared electrons

A

electronegativity

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9
Q

a bond between two atoms, made up of unequally shared electrons

A

polar covalent bond

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10
Q

partial positive or negative charge at the ends of a molecule

A

polarity

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11
Q

the force of attraction between two molecules

A

intermolecular force

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12
Q

very weak attractions between two molecules, or parts of molecules, when they are close together

A

van der Waals forces

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13
Q

the attractive force between two molecules, or parts of molecules, when they are close together

A

hydrogen bond

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14
Q

a chemical reaction in which subunits of a larger molecule are joined by the removal of water

A

dehydration reaction or condensation reaction

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15
Q

a chemical reaction in which water is used as a reactant to split a larger molecule into smaller subunits

A

hydrolysis

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16
Q

a reaction in which an acid and a base combine to create a salt and water

A

neutralization reaction

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17
Q

an electron transfer reaction

A

redox reaction

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18
Q

a reaction in which a molecule loses electrons

A

oxidation

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19
Q

a reaction in which a molecule gains electrons

A

reduction

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20
Q

the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of a substance by 1 degree C

A

specific heat

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21
Q

water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other

A

cohesion

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22
Q

water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules

A

adhesion

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23
Q

hydrogen bonding causes water to absorb large amounts of thermal engery as its temperature increases, or lose large amounts of thermal energy as its temperature decreases

A

high specific heat capacity

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24
Q

hydrogen bonding causes liquid water to absorb large amounts of thermal energy and become a vapour

A

high specific heat of vaporization

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25
Q

high surface tension

A

cohesion

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26
Q

capillary action and solubility of polar compounds

A

adhesion

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27
Q

temperature moderation

A

high specific heat capacity

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28
Q

evaporation and cooling

A

high specific heat of vaporization

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29
Q

ice floats on water

A

solid water is less dense than liquid water

30
Q

polar or charged molecules that are strongly attracted to water

A

hydrophilic molecules

31
Q

non-polar molecules that are not strongly attracted to water

A

hydrophobic molecules

32
Q

the process in which a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions

A

autoionization

33
Q

a chemical that compensates for pH changes in a solution by accepting or donating H+ ions

A

buffer

34
Q

a group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions

A

functional group

35
Q

a biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

A

carbohydrate

36
Q

the simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of single sugar unit; building block for more complex carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

37
Q

a molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of atoms

A

isomer

38
Q

a carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units

A

disaccharide

39
Q

a bond between two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond

40
Q

a molecule that is composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together; an essential part of nutrition and a valuable energy source

A

complex carbohydrate

41
Q

a molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides

A

polysaccharide molecule

42
Q

a process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule

A

polymerization

43
Q

a small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules

A

monomer

44
Q

a large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain

A

polymer

45
Q

a molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain

A

fatty acid

46
Q

a fat; three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule

A

triglyceride

47
Q

a lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

A

saturated fat

48
Q

a lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

A

unsaturated fat

49
Q

a lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol

A

phospholipid

50
Q

a lipid that is composed of four carbon rings

A

steroid

51
Q

a lipid that is formed when long fatty chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings

A

wax

52
Q

a large molecule that consists of many amino acid subunits that are joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific three-dimensional shape

A

protein

53
Q

a blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells; stores hereditary information

A

nucleic acid

54
Q

a molecule that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer subunit of proteins

A

amino acid

55
Q

a covalent bond that links to amino acids

A

peptide bond

56
Q

a chain of amino acid subunits that are connected by peptide bonds

A

peptide

57
Q

a peptide with more than 50 amino acids

A

polypeptide

58
Q

the loss of both the structure and function of a protein

A

denaturation

59
Q

the building block of nucleic acids; consists of 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to three phosphate groups

A

nucleotide

60
Q

a link that is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge

A

phosphodiester bond

61
Q

oriented in opposite directions

A

antiparallel

62
Q

a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a chemical reaction

A

enzyme

63
Q

a substance that is recognized by and binds to an enzyme

A

substrate

64
Q

a pocket or groove in an enzyme that binds its substrate

A

active site

65
Q

a model of enzyme activity that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better accommodate a subsrate

A

induced-fit model

66
Q

a non-protein group that binds to an enzyme and is essential for catalytic activity

A

cofactor

67
Q

an organic molecule that acts as a cofactor of an enzyme

A

coenzyme

68
Q

a situation in which a competitor substance binds to a normal substrate binding site to block enzyme activity

A

competitive inhibition

69
Q

a situation in which molecules bind to an enzyme at a site that is not the active site, thus blocking enzyme activity

A

noncompetitive inhibition

70
Q

a binding site on an enzyme that binds regulatory molecules

A

allosteric site

71
Q

the regulation of one site of a protein by binding to another site on the same protein

A

allosteric regulation

72
Q

the regulation of a pathway by one of the products of this pathway

A

feedback inhibition

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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