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Biology 12 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the physiological state of the body in which internal physical and chemical conditions are kept within a range that is suitable for life processes

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

the extracellular fluid, which consists of the fluid that surrounds the cells and tissues in the body and the plasma portion of the blood

A

internal environment

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3
Q

the fluid that surrounds the body cells

A

interstitial fluid

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4
Q

a system that monitors internal and external conditions and changes bodily functions to maintain homeostasis

A

homeostatic mechanism

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5
Q

the response of a system that acts to maintain equilibrium by compensating for any changes made to the system

A

negative feedback

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6
Q

the element of a feedback system that detects changes in the environment

A

sensor

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7
Q

the optimal value for a given variable of a system

A

set point

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8
Q

the element (or elements) of a feedback system that acts to return the system to its optimal state

A

effector

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9
Q

the element of a feedback system that compares existing conditions with ideal conditions

A

integrator

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10
Q

the response of a system that acts to increase the effect of any changes made to the system

A

positive feedback

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11
Q

the regulation of internal temperature by negative feedback mechanisms

A

thermoregulation

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12
Q

an animal that maintains a stable body temperature regardless of the temperature of the external environment

A

homeotherm

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13
Q

an animal whose body temperature varies with, and often matches, the temperature of the external environment

A

poikilotherm

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14
Q

an animal that maintains its body temperature by internal mechanisms

A

endotherm

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15
Q

an animal that maintains its body temperature by absorbing thermal energy from the environment

A

ectotherm

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16
Q

the process by which an animal gradually adjusts to temperature changes in its environment

A

thermal acclimatization

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17
Q

a short-term state of reduced metabolic rate and body temperature that reduces the demand for energy during the night or day

A

torpor

18
Q

a state of greatly reduced metabolic rate and activity that enables an animal to survive the winter by reducing the demand for energy when food is unavailable

A

hibernation

19
Q

a state of torpor that enables an animal to survive the summer by reducing the demand for energy

A

estivation

20
Q

the pressure that results from a difference in solute concentration between the two sides of a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmotic pressure

21
Q

the property of the solution on one side of a selectively permeable membrane that has the lower concentration of water

A

hyperosmotic

22
Q

the property of the solution on one side of a selectively permeable membrane that has the higher concentration of water

A

hyposmotic

23
Q

the property of two solutions that have equal water concentrations

A

isoosmotic

24
Q

the process of actively regulating the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids and cells

A

osmoregulation

25
Q

a structure in a single-celled organism that maintains osmotic equilibrium by pumping excess fluid out of the cell

A

contractile vacuole

26
Q

an excretory organ in some invertebrates that is used to reabsorb and eliminate wastes

A

metanephridium

27
Q

the main organ of excretion in insects, which is used to carry wastes to the intestines

A

Malpighian tubule

28
Q

the tiny functional unit of the kidney that filters wastes from the blood

A

nephron

29
Q

a small folded structure in the human kidney that encircles the glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

30
Q

a network of capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule that performs the first step in the filtration of blood

A

glomerulus

31
Q

a vessel that supplies blood to the nephrons in the human kidney

A

afferent arteriole

32
Q

a vessel that carries away filtered blood from the nephrons in the human kidney

A

efferent arteriole

33
Q

a net of capillaries in the nephrons that reabsorb essential ions and minerals from filtered blood

A

peritubular capillaries

34
Q

the duct portion of a nephron that connects the Bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle

A

proximal convoluted tubule

35
Q

the U-shaped part of the duct that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule

A

loop of Henle

36
Q

the duct portion of a nephron that connects the loop of Henle to the ducts that lead to the renal pelvis

A

distal convoluted tubule

37
Q

the process in which blood and fluid pass through a selectively permeable membrane

A

filtration

38
Q

the transfer of water, ions, and nutrients back to the interstitial fluid via passive and active transport

A

reabsorption

39
Q

a membrane protein that passively transports water molecules

A

aquaporin

40
Q

the removal of waste materials from the blood and intercellular fluid

A

secretion

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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