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Biology 12 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the hypothesis, proposed by Beadle and Tatum, that each gene is unique and codes for the synthesis of a single enzyme

A

one gene- one enzyme hypothesis

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2
Q

the hypothesis that each gene is unique and codes for the synthesis of a single polypeptide; the restated version of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

A

one gene- one polypeptide hypothesis

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3
Q

the fundamental principle of molecular genetics, which states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

A

central dogma

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4
Q

mechanism by which the information coded in nucleic acids of DNA is copied into the nucleic acids of RNA; something rewritten in the same language

A

transcription

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5
Q

mechanism by which the information coded in the nucleic acids of RNA is copied into the amino acids of proteins

A

translation

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6
Q

the end product of the transcription of a gene; is translated by ribosomes into a protein

A

messenger RNA

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7
Q

a carrier molecule that binds to a specific amino acid and adds the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain

A

transfer RNA

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8
Q

an RNA molecule within the ribosome that bonds the correct amino acid to the polypeptide chain

A

Ribosomal RNA

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9
Q

an enzyme that reads a DNA strand and creates a complementary strand of RNA

A

RNA polymerase

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10
Q

the DNA strand that is copied into an mRNA molecule during gene transcription

A

template strand

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11
Q

the initial RNA transcription product

A

precursor mRNA

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12
Q

the specific coding relationship between bases and the amino acids they specify; the genetic code can be expressed in terms of either DNA or RNA bases

A

genetic code

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13
Q

a group of three base pairs that code for an individual amino acid

A

codon

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14
Q

the codon that signals the start of a polypeptide chain and initiates translation

A

start codon

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15
Q

a codon that signals the end of a polypeptide chain and causes the ribosome to terminate translation

A

stop codon

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16
Q

a nucleotide sequence that lies just before a gene and allows for the binding of RNA polymerase

A

promoter

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17
Q

a region of the promoter that enables the binding of RNA polymerase

A

TATA box

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18
Q

the DNA strand that is not being copied but contains the same sequence as the new RNA molecule

A

coding strand

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19
Q

a sequence of bases at the end of a gene that signals the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing

A

termination sequence

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20
Q

a chain of adenine nucleotides that are added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA molecule to protect it from enzymes in the cytosol

A

poly(A) tail

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21
Q

a sequence of seven Gs that is added to the start of a pre-mRNA molecule; ribosomes recognize this site and use it as the site of initial attachment

A

5’ cap

22
Q

a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for part of a gene

A

exon

23
Q

a non-coding sequence of DNA or RNA

A

intron

24
Q

an enzyme-protein complex that removes introns from the mRNA

A

spliceosome

25
Q

a protein that binds to introns and signals them for removal

A

small ribonucleoprotein (snRNP)

26
Q

a process that produces different mRNAs from pre-mRNA (exons and introns), allowing more than one possible polypeptide to be made from a single gene

A

alternative splicing

27
Q

the complementary sequence of base pairs on a tRNA that corresponds to a codon on an mRNA

A

anticodon

28
Q

the process by which a tRNA molecule is bound to its corresponding amino acid

A

aminoacylation

29
Q

a molecule of transfer RNA bound to its associated amino acid

A

aminoacyl-tRNA

30
Q

a particular system for separating a base pair sequence into readable codons

A

reading frame

31
Q

a complex that is formed when multiple ribosomes attach to the same mRNA molecule in order to facilitate rapid translation

A

polysome

32
Q

a hormone produced in the pancreas that lowers the blood glucose level by promoting the uptake of glucose by the body cells

A

insulin

33
Q

a cluster of genes that contains the DNA sequences to regulate the metabolism of lactose

A

lac operon

34
Q

the region in the operon that regulatory factors bind to

A

operator

35
Q

a protein that binds to the operator to repress gene transcription

A

repressor protein

36
Q

a signal molecule that triggers the expression of an operon’s genes

A

inducer

37
Q

a signal molecule that binds to a regulatory protein to reduce the expression of an operon’s genes

A

corepressor

38
Q

a change in a single nucleotide within a gene

A

point mutation

39
Q

the replacement of one base pair in a DNA sequence by another base pair

A

substitution

40
Q

the addition of a base pair (small-scale mutation) or larger coding region (large-scale mutation) to a DNA sequence

A

insertion

41
Q

the removal of a base pair (small-scale mutation) or larger coding region (large-scale mutation) from a DNA sequence

A

deletion

42
Q

two adjacent bases trading places (small-scale mutation) or the reversal of a sequence of DNA (large-scale mutation)

A

inversion

43
Q

a difference in the DNA between individuals caused by point mutations

A

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

44
Q

a mutation that changes a single amino acid in the coding sequence

A

missense mutation

45
Q

a mutation that results in a premature stop codon

A

nonsense mutation

46
Q

a mutation that does not alter the resulting sequence of amino acids

A

silent mutation

47
Q

a shift in the reading frame resulting in multiple missense and/or nonsense effects

A

frameshift mutation

48
Q

the movement of entire genes or sequences of DNA from one chromosome to another

A

translocation

49
Q

a mutation that is caused by an error in DNA replication

A

spontaneous mutation

50
Q

a mutation that is caused by an environmental agent

A

induced mutation

51
Q

an environmental agent that directly alters the DNA within a cell

A

mutagen

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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