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Biology 12 > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a special protein molecule that is the core around which the DNA strand wraps

A

histone

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2
Q

a small circular section of DNA found in the cytosol of bacteria; replicates independently of the chromosomal DNA

A

plasmid

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3
Q

the complete set of an organism’s hereditary information

A

genome

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4
Q

a change in a genotype or phenotype caused by the direct uptake of genetic material by a cell

A

transformation

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5
Q

a virus that infects bacteria

A

bacteriophage

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6
Q

a class of nitrogenous bases with a double-ring structure; adenine and guanine are purines

A

purine

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7
Q

a class of nitrogenous bases with a single-ring structure; thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines

A

pyrimidine

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8
Q

the chemical tendency of adenine to form hydrogen bonds with thymine, and cytosine to form hydrogen bonds with guanine

A

complementary base pairing

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9
Q

a mechanism of DNA replication in which each of the two strands of parent DNA is incorporated into a new double-stranded DNA molecule

A

semiconservative replication

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10
Q

a specific sequence of DNA that acts as a starting point for replication

A

replication origin

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11
Q

the point of separation of the two parent DNA strands during replication

A

replication fork

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12
Q

a replication enzyme that separates and unwinds the DNA strands

A

helicase

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13
Q

a class of enzymes that relieve tension caused by the unwinding of parent DNA; they cleave one or two of the DNA strands, allow the strand(s) to untwist, and then rejoin the strand(s)

A

topoisomerases

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14
Q

a replication enzyme that prevents parent DNA strands from annealing to each other once they have been separated by helicase

A

single strand binding protein (SSB)

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15
Q

the separating of DNA in both directions during replication

A

replication bubble

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16
Q

a building block and energy source for replicating DNA

A

nucleoside triphosphate

17
Q

a replication enzyme that produces RNA primers

A

RNA primase

18
Q

a replication molecule that acts as a starting point for replication

A

RNA primer

19
Q

a prokaryotic replication enzyme that builds new DNA strands from nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase III

20
Q

the DNA strand that is copied in the direction toward the replication fork

A

leading strand

21
Q

the DNA strand that is copied in the direction away from the replication fork

A

lagging strand

22
Q

the piece of new DNA on the lagging strand

A

Okazaki fragment

23
Q

a prokaryotic replication enzyme that fills in gaps in the lagging strand between Okazaki fragments; also proofreads the final strands

A

DNA polymerase I

24
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two DNA strands, as well as between Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

25
Q

a prokaryotic replication enzyme that repairs damage to DNA, including damage that occurs between replication events

A

DNA polymerase II

26
Q

a unit of DNA storage, consisting of eight histones with DNA strands wrapped around them; the DNA around each nucleosome is about 147 nucleotides in length

A

nucleosome

27
Q

a group of six nucleosomes

A

solenoid

28
Q

the continuous twisting of prokaryotic DNA that reduces the volume of the DNA

A

supercoiling

29
Q

a repeating sequence of DNA at the end of a chromosome that protects coding regions from being lost during replication

A

telomere

30
Q

the period in a cell’s lifespan when it loses the ability to divide and grow; often referred to as cell aging

A

cell senescence

31
Q

the total number of times that a normal cell can divide

A

Hayflick limit

32
Q

an enzyme that adds new telomere sequences to the ends of chromosomes

A

telomerase

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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