Unit 2 Metablic Rate And Conformers And Regulators

Question 1

Define metabolic rate:

Answer 1

Is the amount of energy consumed by an organism per unit time (The rate of biochemical reactions)

Question 2

List three factors we can measure to compare metabolic rates of organisms:

Answer 2

Oxygen consumption per unit time
Carbon dioxide production per unit time
Energy production (heat) per unit time

Question 3

Name two pieces of equipment that can help us measure metabolic rate:

Answer 3

Respirometer, calorimeter

Question 4

Describe the Circulatory system of fish. Include detail on heart structure Flow of blood and efficiency:

Answer 4

Heart -> Gills-> body-> capillaries—|
^_____________________________
Blood passes through the two chambered heart once
Through the gill capillaries at high-pressure
Drops pressure and flows more slowly through the body capillaries
Relatively inefficient method

Question 5

How can you tell if it’s an incomplete double circulatory system?

Answer 5

As it has two Atria and only one ventricle

Question 6

Which group of organisms has an incomplete double circulatory system?

Answer 6

Amphibians and reptiles

Question 7

Do animals with an incomplete double circulatory system have a higher or lower metabolic rate them fish?

Answer 7

A higher

Question 8

Which two group of organisms have a double complete circulatory system?

Answer 8

Mammals and birds

Question 9

How does a complete double circulatory system compare to that of an incomplete double circulatory system?

Answer 9

Passes through the heart twice
Has two atria and two ventricles
There is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Question 10

What is a conformer?

Answer 10

A conformer does not make any alterations to the metabolic rate by physiological means therefore they usually live on stable environments

Question 11

Define a regulator:

Answer 11

Regulators can alter their metabolic rate in order to maintain a steady internal state this requires Physiological mechanisms

Question 12

Name and advantage and a disadvantage of being a conformer:

Answer 12

Advantage: they have a low metabolic cost by not having to maintain a steady internal state

Disadvantage: restricted to a narrow ecological niche and less adaptable to environmental change

Question 13

Name and advantage and a disadvantage of being a regulator:

Answer 13

Advantage: they can exploit a wide range of ecological niches

Disadvantage: more energy is expended on physiological mechanisms needed to control internal conditions therefore metabolic costs are high

Question 14

List two common abiotic factors that might affect metabolic rate of an organism:

Answer 14

Temperature and salinity

Question 15

How might can formers try and maintain an optimum metabolic rate?

Answer 15

By their behavioural responses to abiotic change

Question 16

What is negative feedback?

Answer 16

Negative feedback is maintaining the “norm”

Receptors detect changes and send messages to effectors which bring about responses to contract the conditions

Question 17

What name is given to a cell that constantly monitors the internal environment and detects changes?

Answer 17

Receptors

Question 18

What name is given to the muscle or gland is that respond to messages and return conditions to their optimum?

Answer 18

Effectors

Question 19

Define physiological homoeostasis:

Answer 19

Physiological homoeostasis is the maintenance of the bodies internal environments despite changes in it’s external environment

Question 20

Why is Thermo-regulation important for metabolism and metabolic processes?

Answer 20

It’s important for enzyme controlled reactions
-As enzyme controlled reactions need to proceed optimal rates (35 to 40°C) these temperatures are not too high so that the enzyme does not denature

It’s also important for molecular diffusion
-to proceed optimal rates the temperature has to be decently high But not too high that will denature the enzymes

Question 21

What is an ectotherm?

Answer 21

They’re unable to maintain their body temperature is by physiological means

Question 22

What is an endotherm?

Answer 22

And endotherm can maintain their body temperature independently from that of the environment

Question 23

What is the temperature monitoring Centre of the brain?

Answer 23

The hypothalamus

Question 24

What is the hypothalamus full of?

Answer 24

Thermo receptors

Question 25

List three corrective responses that the body makes two over cooling:

Answer 25

Vasoconstriction
shivering
hair arrector muscles standing on end
increased metabolic rate

Question 26

List three corrective response is that the body makes to overheating?

Answer 26

Vasodilation
sweating
hair arrector muscles lay flat
decreased metabolic rate

Question 27

Explain how sweating helps to decrease body temperature?

Answer 27

Sweating is the evaporation of water into water vapour

This energy which is taken away from the skin this lowers body temperature

Question 28

Explain how vasodilation helps reduce the bodies temperature?

Answer 28

Arterials dilate allowing more blood Flow through the capillaries near the skins surface.
Blood loses heat by radiation

Question 29

Explain how vasoconstriction helps correct the bodies temperature?

Answer 29

Arterials allow less blood flow through the capillaries near the skin surface.
Blood loses very little heat by radiation

Question 30

Explain how hair arrector muscle standing on end helps correct over cooling?

Answer 30

As the hairs stand up to trap a layer of air for heat insulation to reduce heat loss

Question 31

How does shivering help to raise the bodies temperature?

Answer 31

Nerve impulses are sent by the hypothalamus to skeletal muscles to bring about wrapping muscle contractions that generate heat

Question 32

Why does our metabolic rate increase when we are too cold?

Answer 32

More energy will be put into reactions which will generate more heat