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Neurobiology I > Unit 2- Lecture 1: AP > Flashcards

Unit 2- Lecture 1: AP Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of ion channels neurons generally have in their cellular membrane?

A

Ligand-gated
Voltage-gated
Modality-gated
Leaking

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2
Q

_______-________ ion channels: synaptic/receptor potentials

A

Ligand-gated

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3
Q

______-________ ion channels: action potential

A

voltage-gated

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4
Q

______-_______ ion channels: receptor potential

A

modality-gated

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5
Q

_________ ion channels: K+ to maintain the rest of membrane potential

A

leaking

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6
Q

The neural circuit is a combination group for _________

A

subsystems

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7
Q

The neural circuit and subsystems is mostly made of _______ cells

A

pyramidal

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8
Q

With the neural circuit and subsystems, the axon terminal communicates with _______, _________, and other _________

A

dendrites
cell bodies
neurons

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9
Q

Synapse is the _________ unit and the axon ________ other structures

A

communicating
targets

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10
Q

Neuron: Cell body/soma

includes ALL _______ ________
including the ________

________ differentiated
Nucleus ________
No ________ anymore

A

cellular organs
nucleus

Terminal
condensed
replication

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11
Q

Neuron: Cell body/soma functions

Reception and summation of _______ or _______ _________

_________ functions

A

receptor
synaptic potentials

synthesizing

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12
Q

Neuron: Axon- limited cellular organs such as _________

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

Neuron: Axon functions

_______ of APs
________ transportation
Limited __________ processing

A

Conduction
Active
neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Neuron: Axon functions

Specialized region: ________ of APs
- ________ around soma
- ________ _________ around receptor endings

A

Initiation
Hallock
Trigger zone

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15
Q

Neuron: Axon- Most neurons go from the ______ _______ to the _______ ________

A

cell body
axon terminal

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16
Q

Neuron: Types of Dendrites

_________: has a single axon, but multiple dendrites

A

Multipolar

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17
Q

Neuron: Types of Dendrites

________: has one axon and one dendrite that extends from opposite. sides of the cell body

A

Bipolar

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18
Q

Neuron: Dendrites

With bipolar dendrites, ______ order neurons are formed from the ________

A

1st
retina

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19
Q

______________: has no dendrites, one axon that splits into two branches

_________ vs _______ processes

A

Pseudounipolar
central, peripheral

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20
Q

Which two organelles are associated with pseudounipolar dendrites?

A

golgi apparatus
mitochondria

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21
Q

What are the two ways of transportation of molecules in the neurons?

A

Railway

Active Transportation

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22
Q

Railway
___________: elongate to the positive direction
It can go either way with ________, but only to the ________ in the axon

A

Tublins

dendrites
terminal

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23
Q

Active Transportation

Anterograde: Which protein ?
Retrograde: Which protein ?

A

Kinesin
Dynein

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24
Q

With anterograde, it goes from the ______ _____ to the __________

A

cell body
terminal

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25
Q

With retrograde, it goes backwards from the _________ to the ______ ________

A

nucleus
cell body

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26
Q

Kinesin and Dynein are both _______

A

cargoes

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27
Q

Label this

A

A. Inferior horn
B. 3rd Ventricle
C. Foramen of Monroe
D. anterior horn
E. posterior horn
F. cerebral aqueduct
G. 4th ventricle

28
Q

Neuron Cellular Membrane and Functions

Bilayer Phospholipds are __________ ________ - water cannot cross it

Water channel : _________
Ion channels: subtypes of receptors, ________ or __________
Ion pumps: ________/__________ pump, _______ dependent
Other Molecules: __________, _______, etc

A

selectively permeable

aquaporin
leaking, gated
Na+, K+, ATP
receptors, transporters

29
Q

Polarity of Neuron Cell Membrane

Inside: ?
Outside: ?

A

Potassium
Sodium

30
Q

Polarity of Neuron Cell Membrane

_________ potential: unbalanced particles
__________ potential: unbalanced charges

A

Osmotic
Electrical

31
Q

Polarity of Neuron Cell Membrane is ________ charged

A

negatively

32
Q

Rest Membrane Potential: _____ to _____mV

Increased creates __________ which is a _____ negative charge

Decreased creates _________ which is a ________ negative charge

A

-90, -40
depolarization, less
hyper polarization, more

33
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels open up _______ the threshold

34
Q

Ligated-gated: ________ as ligand, ion channel as _________

A

neurotransmitter
receptor

35
Q

Modality-gated: open/closes in response to _______ _______

A

specific stimulus

36
Q

Leaking Channel: _____ freely crossing the membrane

37
Q

Receptor potential

Changes with ______
Based on ______
-fast
-slow
( __________ )
Intensity: _________

A

stimuli
duration
adaptation
amplitude

38
Q

Synaptic potential

Like _______ potential
Always _______ duration
Intensity: __________

A

receptive
short
amplitude

39
Q

Action Potential

________ duration (~1ms)
________ amplitude for specific neurons
Intensity: __________

A

Shortest
Fixed
Frequency

40
Q

Which proteins oversee Antero- Retro- grade transportation in the axons?

A

Kinesin- Antero
Dynein- Retro

41
Q

Membrane Potential and Polarity Change

Hyperpolarization: ?

A

Decreases membrane potential

42
Q

Membrane Potential and Polarity Change

Depolarization: ?

A

Increases membrane potential

43
Q

Membrane Potential and Polarity Change

Above threshold = ?

A

Action Potential

44
Q

Membrane Potential and Polarity Change

Stronger stimuli = ?

A

Higher frequency

45
Q

What are the 5 phases of Initiation of AP?

A
  1. Resting Potential
  2. Slow Depolarization
  3. Fast Depolarization
  4. Repolarization
  5. Hyperpolarization
46
Q

Initiation of AP:

Resting potential: ___mV

47
Q

Initiation of AP:

Slow Depolarization: > ____mV, < ____mV

48
Q

Initiation of AP:

Fast Depolarization: ____mV, ______

______-_____ Na+ channels open which creates an ?

A

-55, threshold

Voltage-gated

Action potential

49
Q

Initiation of AP:

Repolarization: _______ until ____mV

A

decreases
-70mV

50
Q

Initiation of AP:

Hyperpolarization: below the _______

51
Q

Initiation of AP:

________ ________: voltage- gated, Na+ and K+ channels are CLOSED

A

Resting potential

52
Q

Initiation of AP:

_______ _________: Local potentials summate to depolarize the membrane. Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels remain CLOSED

A

Slow Depolarization

53
Q

Initiation of AP:

_______ ________: When the threshold potential is reached, voltage-gated Na+ channels OPEN and Na+ rushes in. The membrane quickly depolarizes to a positive membrane potential.

A

Fast Depolarization

54
Q

Initiation of AP:

__________: voltage-gated Na+ channels are inactivated. Many voltage-gates K+ channels are OPEN, K+ exits, taking positive charges out of the axon.

A

Repolarization

55
Q

Initiation of AP:

___________: Voltage- gated K+ channels remain OPEN. K+ continues to leave the axon, restoring the polarized membrane potential.

A

Hyperpolarization

56
Q

Voltage-gated Ion Channels in Repolarization:

K+ voltage-gated ion channel threshold: __________ depolarization

57
Q

Voltage-gated Ion Channels in Repolarization:

Na+ voltage-gated ion channel threshold: _________ depolarization

58
Q

Refractory Period to Reinitiate AP:

Absolute refractory period = Not enough….?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ ion channels to reopen

59
Q

Refractory Period to Reinitiate AP:

Absolute refractory-
__________ conduction

A

Unidirectional

60
Q

Refractory Period to Reinitiate AP

Relative refractory period:

Some _____ -________ Na+ channels to reopen

Higher stimuli __________

A

voltage- gated

intensity

61
Q

Sodium/Potassium Pumps:

Maintain Na+ and K+ __________

____ Na+ and ___ K+ in per ____ ATP

A

gradients

3
2
1

62
Q

Sodium/Potassium Pumps:

______ dependent: ____-______% of the energy consumed by the brain

63
Q

Conduction of Membrane Potentials:

_________ conduction: decreases with conduction distance

64
Q

Conduction of Membrane Potentials:

___________ conduction: if stimulated in the middle of axons

A

Bidirectional

65
Q

Conduction of Membrane Potentials:

Action Conduction
- _________ APs
- ________ __________: above the threshold
- _____-direction

A

Reinitiating

Fixed amplitude

Uni

66
Q

Explain why the AP can only be conducted unidirectional

Bc of the ________ _______ phase: there is no voltage-gated ______ channels available

A

Absolute
refractory

Na+

Neurobiology I (13 decks)

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