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Neurobiology I > Lecture 8: Vision > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the 3rd-order neuron located along the visual pathway?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus of the Thalamus

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2
Q

Label the eye

A
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3
Q

Glaucoma is basically ________ in the eyeball

A

hydrocephalus

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4
Q

With glaucoma, the __________ __________ ________ is blocked

A

aqueous humor drainage

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5
Q

What part of the eye is divided into 2 chambers?

A

lens

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6
Q

The aqueous humor is like what? and drains into where?

A

CSF
anterior chamber

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7
Q

Vitreous humor (glass-like): filled by what?

A

blood vessels

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8
Q

What is this structure?

A
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9
Q

Focusing: is the ________ of __________

A

refraction; light

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10
Q

What two parts of the eye control refraction of light?

A

lens and cornea

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11
Q

The retina controls _______ and _______

A

brightness; quality

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12
Q

The ________ controls how much light gets in and will constrict to help our eyes adjust to light

A

iris

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13
Q

Label these parts of the eye

A
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14
Q

Cornea: ______ anteriorly, ______ adjustment
(transparent)

A

convex; gross

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15
Q

Lens: ________, ______ adjustment
( anterior convexity __________ )

A

biconvex; fine
adjustable

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16
Q

Cataract involves the _______ of the ______

A

opacity
lens

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17
Q

Ciliary muscle contraction: ___________ anterior convexity
- for ______ adjustment
- this muscle helps us see ______ ______

A

increases
fine
up close

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18
Q

Ciliary muscle relaxation: _______ anterior convexity and is controlled by CN ____

A

decreases
III

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19
Q

What are these two structures?

A
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20
Q

Which eye muscle helps us see in the dark?

A

Pupillary dilator/dilator pupillae

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21
Q

Pupillary dilator/dilator pupillae is sympathetic: __________ ________ __________

A

superior cervical ganglia

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22
Q

Pupil: _______ effects

A

pinhole

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23
Q

_______: absorption of strayed light

A

Retina

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24
Q

Which eye muscle helps us adjust if the light is too strong?

A

Pupillary sphincter/Constrictor pupillae

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25
Q

The Pupillary sphincter/Constrictor pupillae involves CN III (Vm): ______ ganglion

A

ciliary

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26
Q

Label this

A
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27
Q

What is the pathology inducted by the MRI scan?

A

Hyrdocephalus
lateral and 3rd ventricles enlarged
crebral aqueduct compromised

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28
Q

Photoreceptors: not ______- detect diff wavelengths of light
Rods: _____ and ______
Cones, _____, _______, _______

A

neurons
black, white
blue, green, red

29
Q

With structure of the retina, _______ __________ of the light goes into the eye, and _________ of the light comes out

A

projection direction
processing

30
Q

Bipolar neurons: _____-______ neurons
Rods: bipolar= ___-_____: 1, _____ image
Cones:bipolar = __:__, _______

A

1st order
15; 30, gross
1, 1, acuity

31
Q

With rods (black and white), you cannot see _______ only ______

A

details, shape

32
Q

The _______ is the center of the macula
and is ______mm diameter

A

fovea
1.5

33
Q

The _______ is deep to the fovea and is ____ mm diameter

A

foveola
0.15

34
Q

The foveola is associated with which bipolar neurons and for what purpose?

A

cones, for visual acuity

35
Q

_________ is when. you fix the fovea on target objects

A

foveation

36
Q

The macula is ______ to the _______ ______
which is ____ mm diameter

A

lateral; optic disk
5.5

37
Q

With legally blind people, what is going on?

A

The macula has degenerated and cannot see details

38
Q

Our blind spot = ?

A

no photoreceptors

39
Q

Visual Pathway to V1

A
40
Q

_________ ________: the brain’s ability to simultaneous process different aspects of a visual scene, color, shape, motion, etc by sending info through separate neural pathways allowing for a quick comprehensive understanding of what is being viewed

A

parallel processing

41
Q

Geniculostriate Pathway

Lateral _________ ________ to V1

A

geniculate nucleus

42
Q

Geniculostriate Pathway

__________ projection fibers: parietal lobe
_________ quadrant

A

Superior
Inferior

43
Q

Geniculostriate Pathway

_________ projection fibers: temporal lobe, Meyer’s loop
_________ quadrant

A

Inferior
Superior

44
Q

Macula projecting 60% of _______ ________

A

posterior V1

45
Q

__________: spatial information conserved
* don’t need to look at the object to know what you’re doing

A

Retinotopy

46
Q

How is the iris controlled by visceral motors when the sunlight is too strong?

A

Sphincter pupillae activated by CN III, decrease light into the eyeball

47
Q

_________ __________: 2 symmetrical halves of the visual field

A

Visual hemi fields

48
Q

________ hemifield: the nasal retina of the right eye and temporal retina of the left

A

Left

49
Q

________ hemifield: the temporal retina of the right eye and nasal retina of the left

A

Right

50
Q

Retina and Visual Fields

A
51
Q

Optic nerve: _______ of the eye
_________ nasal and temporal retina

A

vision
ipsilateral

52
Q

Optic chiasm: decussation of _________ nasal retina tracts

A

bilateral

53
Q

Optic tract: vision of ________ _______ hemi fields
Ipsilateral _________ and contralateral ______ retina

A

both visual
temporal
nasal

54
Q

Common visual impairments

A
  1. Blindness in the eye CN II
  2. Tunnel view: optic chiasm
  3. Homonymous Hemianopia: optic tract
  4. Superior quadrantopia: Myer’s Loop
  5. Homonymous Hemianopia: geniculostriate pathway
55
Q

With blindness in the eyes, you will lose what?

A

bilateral nasal components

56
Q

With tunnel view, there are usually _______ _______ _______ present

A

pituitary gland tumors

57
Q

With Homonymous Hemianopia: optic tract, the patient cannot see what?

A

contralateral field

58
Q

With Superior quadrantopia: Myer’s Loop, there is ________ _______ vision loss

A

superior quadrant

59
Q

With Homonymous Hemianopia: geniculostriate pathway, there is damage to the ______ _______

A

lateral geniculate

60
Q

The parallel projection pathways are not through the _________

A

thalamus

61
Q

Parallel projection pathways

Tectopulvinar pathway is in the ( __________ )
- _________ area and _______ colliculus
- _______ ________ reflex
- ___________ association areas: _______ stream

A

midbrain
Pretectal, superior
pupillary light
visual; dorsal

62
Q

________/_________ _________; a person can still unconciously perceive some visual stimuli, like the movement of a simple object, despite being unable to see anything

A

Blindsight/Riddoch’s phenomena

63
Q

Parallel projection pathways

Hypothalamus: ___________ nuclei
this is the relay for _______ ________

A

suprachiasmatic
circadian rhythm

64
Q

Pupillary light reflex

Afferent : CN _____, specific ______ cells, no __________
- To the bilateral CN III _________ nucleus

A

II
ganglion
photoreceptors
parasympathetic

65
Q

Pupillary light reflex

Efferent: CN _____, ________ of the bilateral pupils

A

III
constriction

66
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex

A
67
Q

Axon bundles from which side of the nasal and temporal retina are in the left optic nerve, chiasm, and right optic tract?

A

Left optic nerve: both Lnasal and temporal retina

Optic chiasm: bilateral nasal retina ganglion axons

Right optic tract: R temporal and L nasal retina ganglion axons

68
Q

Which side CN II or CN III is compromised according to the the pupillary light reflex?

A

L eye II/ III normal
R III normal, R CN II compromised

Neurobiology I (13 decks)

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