Lecture 3- Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
What is the size of the basic microcolumn for cerebral cortical functions? Which neuron is centered for its function?
50μm diamater column, 100 neurons
pyramidal cells is centered for its functions (efferent fibers)
Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebral Cortex: What are the 6 layers? (found in the gray matter)
- Molecular
- External granular
- External pyramidal
- Internal granular
- Internal pyramidal
- Multiform
Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebral Cortex: Motor Cortex
Frontal lobe contains more ________ cells
pyramidal
Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebral Cortex: Sensory Cortex
This cortex has more ________ layers and more associated with the ______ and ________ lobes
granual
parietal
occipital
The cycoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex is ___-_____ mm thick
2-4
Neurons in the Neocortex Pyramidal Cells
The central neuron of the neocortex
- _______ with a pyramidal shape
- various sizes with _______ numbers
somata
fixed
Neurons in the Neocortex Pyramidal Cells
______ cells are in M1 (largest motor cortex)
Betz
Neurons in the Neocortex Pyramidal Cells
Neurotransmitter: __________/__________
are excitatory or inhibitory?
The axon can ________ from diff. layers
glutamate/ aspartate
excitatory
descend
Neurons in the Neocortex Pyramidal Cells
Excitatory means it….?
activates the next neuron
Neurons in the Neocortex Interneurons
The Integrating Afferent Information regulates…?
the functions of the pyramidal cells
Neurons in the Neocortex Interneurons
Neurotransmitter: ___________/__________
- excitatory or inhibitory?
Neurotransmitter: _________
- excitatory or inhibitory?
glutamate; asparate
excitatory
GABA
inhibitory
Neurons in the Neocortex Interneurons
The inhibitory transmitters can _______/_______/________ into other layers
ascend
transverse
descend
Functional Microcolumn:
________ Band of Baillarger
- Layer 4
- Goes through the projection fibers
- Ascends and crosses horizontally
Outer
Functional Microcolumn:
________ Band of Baillarger
- Layer 5
- Among cortical regions to other subcortical regions and other subcortical structures
- horizontal and descends out
Inner
Communicating Fibers:
Layers I-III are the ________ and ________ fibers
association
commisure
Communicating Fibers
Layer IV contains the _______ fibers and are afferent from the _______ to the ________
projection
thalamus
cortex
Communicating Fibers
Afferent: __________ projections to all layers
- Project to the _______ cortex
- involves _______ and ________: eyes move (brain stem projects that ascend)
Subcortical
cerebral
arousal and alertness
Communicating Fibers
Efferent: from the cortex to subcortical CNS structures, layers ____ and _____
V, VI
Internal capsule:
descending _______ fibers between the ______ ________ or between the basal nuclei and __________
projection
basal nuclei
thalamus
Which brain structure is the center of the ANS? and how does this structure bridge the nervous and endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thousands of microcolumns consist of: primary cortices which are….?
M1
S1
V1
A1
Unimodal association cortex helps to support the _________ ________
primary cortices
Heteromodal association cortex consists of: ____________ functions, __________ and is close to which lobe?
integrated
metacognition
parietal
The ________ cortex: specialized heteromodal association cortex
Limbic
L hemisphere of the brain controls ________ and ________ (hint: talking)
conversation; processing
M1: Brodmann’s Area _____ is located in the _______ gyrus
S1: Brodmann’s Area ___, ____, _____ is located in the _______ gyrus
V1: Brodmann’s Area ____
A1: Brodmann’s Area ____ and sometimes _____
4; pre-central
3, 1, 2; postcentral
17
41; 42
Broca’s Area: Brodmann’s Area _____, ______ L hemisphere
- helps us to _______/________ speech
44, 45
express; control
If the Broca’s area is damaged, the patient can ________ but can’t ________
understand; speak
Wernicke’s Area: Brodmann’s Area ______- L hemisphere
- helps us with _______ of language
22
comprehension
If the Wernicke’s Area is damaged, the patient can talk, but isn’t _______ to your ?’s bc the patient cannot….?
understanding, understand what you are talking about
The R side of the brain is for _______ of language
prosody
Premotor/supplementary Area: Brodmann’s Area ______
*Premotor: _______ cerebral cortex
*Supplementary: _________ of that Area
6
lateral
medial
Frontal Eye Field (FEF): is located at Brodmann’s Area ______ and controls eye movements
8
Integrated Functions of the Frontal Lobe
________ _______ control center: drives eyes to the opposite side
located in Brodmann’s Area _____
Horizontal Gaze
8
Integrated Functions of the Frontal Lobe
_______ Area is in the dominant hemisphere
_______ _______ motor control centers
Broca’s
Higher Level
Horizontal Gaze Control
With strokes, the eye will stay fixed to the midline and cannot drift to the _______ side
Ex. R sided stroke eyes cannot drift to the ______ side
non- efected
L
Horizontal Gaze Control
With seizures, the FEF is activated at all times
Ex. If the seizure is R-sided the eyes will stay fixated to the ______ side
opposite
The ______ ________ is the last maturing brain structure until mid 20s-30s
prefrontal cortex
Functional Execution: caused by the ________ __________ ________ cortex
left dorsolateral prefrontal
The ____________ cortex controls our personality and houses the _______ system
*Has the most ________ fibers in the internal capsule
orbiofrontal
personality
limbic
efferent
Which cerebral communicating fibers are in the internal capsule? Which deep brain structures does the internal capsule course through?
Projection Fibers
Basal nuclei: caudate and putamen
Basal nuclei and thalamus: putamen/globus pallidus and thalamus
Integrated Functions of the Parietal Lobe:
Comprehension
Lateralization
R hemisphere: attention of ________ space, _______ cognition
L hemisphere: ______ (how to perform motions sequentially)
bilateral
spatial
praxis
Integrated Functions of the Occipital Lobe
Integrated _______ and ______ of the objects
Vision: a learned _________
shape; color
perception
True or False?
V1 does “SEE” the object
FALSE
it DOESN’T “see” the object
Integrated Functions of the Temporal Lobe:
Helps to _______ sounds into _______ words: (A1) and _______ association area
decode
meaningful
unimodal
A R side MCA stroke can result in _______ ________ syndrome
left hemineglect
Integrated Functions of the Temporal Lobe:
Is the initial area for _______ processing
also called _______ Area
language
Wernicke’s
Integrated Function of the Neocortex: Language
__________ __________- the patient can understand and talk normally but the talking is NOT related to your topics
Arcuate Fasciculus
Integrated Funtion of the Neocortex: Language
Lateralization
L hemisphere for language _______
production
Integrated Function of the Neocortex: Language
Lateralization
R hemisphere for language _______
prosody
A patient with a stroke around the left inferior frontal lobe can’t speak fluently. Which Brodmann area is affected? Which type of aphasia does the patient suffer from?
Broca’s Area, Brodmann’s Area- 44, 45
Expressive/nonfluent aphasia
Damage to the Broca’s Area can cause which type of aphasia?
Expressive/Nonfluent aphasia, agraphia
Expressive/Nonfluent aphasia, agraphia ‘s location is on the _______ _______ _______ lobe
left inferior frontal
With expressive/nonfluent aphasia, agraphia- the patient can’t ________ but _______ what you’re saying
speak; understands
Damage to the Wernicke’s Area can cause which type of aphasia?
Fluent Aphasia, Alexia
With fluent aphasia, alexia- they have no trouble with the physical act of speaking but…..
what they say doesn’t make sense
__________ aphasia is the inability to repeat sentences, defective use of phonemes, and impaired naming ability
Conduction
Arcuate fasciculus usually happens from a ________ when lesions connect from the _______ and ________ lobes through white matter tract
stroke
frontal; temporal
Severe impairment across all language modalities results in _______ aphasia
Global
