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Neurobiology I > Lecture 3- Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Lecture 3- Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What is the size of the basic microcolumn for cerebral cortical functions? Which neuron is centered for its function?

A

50μm diamater column, 100 neurons
pyramidal cells is centered for its functions (efferent fibers)

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2
Q

Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebral Cortex: What are the 6 layers? (found in the gray matter)

A
  1. Molecular
  2. External granular
  3. External pyramidal
  4. Internal granular
  5. Internal pyramidal
  6. Multiform
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3
Q

Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebral Cortex: Motor Cortex

Frontal lobe contains more ________ cells

A

pyramidal

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4
Q

Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebral Cortex: Sensory Cortex

This cortex has more ________ layers and more associated with the ______ and ________ lobes

A

granual

parietal

occipital

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5
Q

The cycoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex is ___-_____ mm thick

A

2-4

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6
Q

Neurons in the Neocortex Pyramidal Cells

The central neuron of the neocortex
- _______ with a pyramidal shape

  • various sizes with _______ numbers
A

somata

fixed

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7
Q

Neurons in the Neocortex Pyramidal Cells

______ cells are in M1 (largest motor cortex)

A

Betz

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8
Q

Neurons in the Neocortex Pyramidal Cells

Neurotransmitter: __________/__________
are excitatory or inhibitory?

The axon can ________ from diff. layers

A

glutamate/ aspartate
excitatory
descend

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9
Q

Neurons in the Neocortex Pyramidal Cells

Excitatory means it….?

A

activates the next neuron

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10
Q

Neurons in the Neocortex Interneurons

The Integrating Afferent Information regulates…?

A

the functions of the pyramidal cells

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11
Q

Neurons in the Neocortex Interneurons

Neurotransmitter: ___________/__________
- excitatory or inhibitory?

Neurotransmitter: _________
- excitatory or inhibitory?

A

glutamate; asparate
excitatory

GABA
inhibitory

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12
Q

Neurons in the Neocortex Interneurons

The inhibitory transmitters can _______/_______/________ into other layers

A

ascend
transverse
descend

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13
Q

Functional Microcolumn:

________ Band of Baillarger
- Layer 4
- Goes through the projection fibers
- Ascends and crosses horizontally

A

Outer

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14
Q

Functional Microcolumn:

________ Band of Baillarger
- Layer 5
- Among cortical regions to other subcortical regions and other subcortical structures
- horizontal and descends out

A

Inner

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15
Q

Communicating Fibers:

Layers I-III are the ________ and ________ fibers

A

association
commisure

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16
Q

Communicating Fibers

Layer IV contains the _______ fibers and are afferent from the _______ to the ________

A

projection
thalamus
cortex

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17
Q

Communicating Fibers

Afferent: __________ projections to all layers
- Project to the _______ cortex
- involves _______ and ________: eyes move (brain stem projects that ascend)

A

Subcortical
cerebral
arousal and alertness

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18
Q

Communicating Fibers

Efferent: from the cortex to subcortical CNS structures, layers ____ and _____

A

V, VI

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19
Q

Internal capsule:

descending _______ fibers between the ______ ________ or between the basal nuclei and __________

A

projection
basal nuclei
thalamus

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20
Q

Which brain structure is the center of the ANS? and how does this structure bridge the nervous and endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

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21
Q

Thousands of microcolumns consist of: primary cortices which are….?

A

M1
S1
V1
A1

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22
Q

Unimodal association cortex helps to support the _________ ________

A

primary cortices

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23
Q

Heteromodal association cortex consists of: ____________ functions, __________ and is close to which lobe?

A

integrated
metacognition
parietal

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24
Q

The ________ cortex: specialized heteromodal association cortex

A

Limbic

25
Q

L hemisphere of the brain controls ________ and ________ (hint: talking)

A

conversation; processing

26
Q

M1: Brodmann’s Area _____ is located in the _______ gyrus
S1: Brodmann’s Area ___, ____, _____ is located in the _______ gyrus
V1: Brodmann’s Area ____
A1: Brodmann’s Area ____ and sometimes _____

A

4; pre-central
3, 1, 2; postcentral
17
41; 42

27
Q

Broca’s Area: Brodmann’s Area _____, ______ L hemisphere
- helps us to _______/________ speech

A

44, 45
express; control

28
Q

If the Broca’s area is damaged, the patient can ________ but can’t ________

A

understand; speak

29
Q

Wernicke’s Area: Brodmann’s Area ______- L hemisphere
- helps us with _______ of language

A

22
comprehension

30
Q

If the Wernicke’s Area is damaged, the patient can talk, but isn’t _______ to your ?’s bc the patient cannot….?

A

understanding, understand what you are talking about

31
Q

The R side of the brain is for _______ of language

A

prosody

32
Q

Premotor/supplementary Area: Brodmann’s Area ______

*Premotor: _______ cerebral cortex
*Supplementary: _________ of that Area

A

6
lateral
medial

33
Q

Frontal Eye Field (FEF): is located at Brodmann’s Area ______ and controls eye movements

A

8

34
Q

Integrated Functions of the Frontal Lobe
________ _______ control center: drives eyes to the opposite side
located in Brodmann’s Area _____

A

Horizontal Gaze
8

35
Q

Integrated Functions of the Frontal Lobe

_______ Area is in the dominant hemisphere

_______ _______ motor control centers

A

Broca’s

Higher Level

36
Q

Horizontal Gaze Control

With strokes, the eye will stay fixed to the midline and cannot drift to the _______ side

Ex. R sided stroke eyes cannot drift to the ______ side

A

non- efected
L

37
Q

Horizontal Gaze Control

With seizures, the FEF is activated at all times

Ex. If the seizure is R-sided the eyes will stay fixated to the ______ side

A

opposite

38
Q

The ______ ________ is the last maturing brain structure until mid 20s-30s

A

prefrontal cortex

39
Q

Functional Execution: caused by the ________ __________ ________ cortex

A

left dorsolateral prefrontal

40
Q

The ____________ cortex controls our personality and houses the _______ system

*Has the most ________ fibers in the internal capsule

A

orbiofrontal
personality
limbic
efferent

41
Q

Which cerebral communicating fibers are in the internal capsule? Which deep brain structures does the internal capsule course through?

A

Projection Fibers

Basal nuclei: caudate and putamen

Basal nuclei and thalamus: putamen/globus pallidus and thalamus

42
Q

Integrated Functions of the Parietal Lobe:

Comprehension
Lateralization
R hemisphere: attention of ________ space, _______ cognition
L hemisphere: ______ (how to perform motions sequentially)

A

bilateral
spatial
praxis

43
Q

Integrated Functions of the Occipital Lobe
Integrated _______ and ______ of the objects

Vision: a learned _________

A

shape; color
perception

44
Q

True or False?

V1 does “SEE” the object

A

FALSE
it DOESN’T “see” the object

45
Q

Integrated Functions of the Temporal Lobe:

Helps to _______ sounds into _______ words: (A1) and _______ association area

A

decode
meaningful
unimodal

46
Q

A R side MCA stroke can result in _______ ________ syndrome

A

left hemineglect

47
Q

Integrated Functions of the Temporal Lobe:

Is the initial area for _______ processing
also called _______ Area

A

language
Wernicke’s

48
Q

Integrated Function of the Neocortex: Language

__________ __________- the patient can understand and talk normally but the talking is NOT related to your topics

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

49
Q

Integrated Funtion of the Neocortex: Language

Lateralization
L hemisphere for language _______

A

production

50
Q

Integrated Function of the Neocortex: Language
Lateralization
R hemisphere for language _______

A

prosody

51
Q

A patient with a stroke around the left inferior frontal lobe can’t speak fluently. Which Brodmann area is affected? Which type of aphasia does the patient suffer from?

A

Broca’s Area, Brodmann’s Area- 44, 45
Expressive/nonfluent aphasia

52
Q

Damage to the Broca’s Area can cause which type of aphasia?

A

Expressive/Nonfluent aphasia, agraphia

53
Q

Expressive/Nonfluent aphasia, agraphia ‘s location is on the _______ _______ _______ lobe

A

left inferior frontal

54
Q

With expressive/nonfluent aphasia, agraphia- the patient can’t ________ but _______ what you’re saying

A

speak; understands

55
Q

Damage to the Wernicke’s Area can cause which type of aphasia?

A

Fluent Aphasia, Alexia

56
Q

With fluent aphasia, alexia- they have no trouble with the physical act of speaking but…..

A

what they say doesn’t make sense

57
Q

__________ aphasia is the inability to repeat sentences, defective use of phonemes, and impaired naming ability

A

Conduction

58
Q

Arcuate fasciculus usually happens from a ________ when lesions connect from the _______ and ________ lobes through white matter tract

A

stroke
frontal; temporal

59
Q

Severe impairment across all language modalities results in _______ aphasia

A

Global

Neurobiology I (13 decks)

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