unit 2 KA7 - genetic control of metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

how can wild strains of bacteria be improved

A

by mutagenesis, or recombinant DNA technology

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2
Q

what can result in mutations, some of which may product an improved strain of micro-organism?

A

exposure to UV light and other forms of radiation or mutagenic chemicals

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3
Q

what does recombinant DNA technology involve the use of

A

recombinant plasmids and artificial chromosomes as vectors

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4
Q

what is a vector

A

a vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic information into another cell

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5
Q

what are used as vectors during recombinant DNA technology

A

artificial chromosomes

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6
Q

when are artificial chromosomes preferable to plasmids as vectors?

A

when larger fragments of DNA are required to be inserted

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7
Q

what is the role of restriction endonucleases in recombinant DNA technology

A

they cut open plasmids and specific genes out of the chromosomes, leaving sticky ends

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8
Q

what is the role of ligase in recombinant DNA technology

A

it seals the gene into the plasmid

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9
Q

when are complementary sticky ends produced

A

when the same restriction endonuclease is used to cut open the plasmid and the gene from the chromosome

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10
Q

what do recombinant plasmids and artificial chromosomes contain?

A

restriction sites, regulatory sequences, an origin of replication and selectable markers

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11
Q

what do restriction sites contain

A

target sequences of DNA where specific restriction endonuclease cut

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12
Q

what do regulatory sequences control

A

gene expression

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13
Q

what does origin of replication allow

A

self replication of the plasmid/aritifical chromosome

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14
Q

what are examples of selectable markers

A

anti-biotic resistant genes

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15
Q

what do selectable markers protect

A

they protect the micro-organism from a selective agent (antibiotic) that would normally kill it or prevent it growing

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16
Q

what do selectable marker genes present in the vector ensure

A

that only micro-organisms that have taken up the vector grow in the presence of the selective agent (antibiotic)

17
Q

what is a safety mechanism for genetic control of metabolism

A

genes that prevent the survival of the micro-organism in an external environment

18
Q

why are recombinant yeast cells used to produce active forms of the protein which are inactive in bacteria

A

because plant or animal recombinant DNA expressed in bacteria may result in polypeptides being incorrectly folded

19
Q

what is mutagenesis

A

the creation of mutations

20
Q

how can the rate of mutagenesis be increased

A

by exposing organisms to mutagenic agents eg UV light, radiation or mutagenic chemicals