glossary for all units <3 Flashcards
absorbed
the light which is taken into a plant leaf by pigments
activation energy
the minimum energy required by reactants to allow reaction to occur
active site
the region of an enzyme molecule where the enzyme acts on the substrate
aestivation
dormancy in response to high temperature or drought
agriculture
the process of producing feed and other desirable products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals
allele
one of the different forms of a gene
allele frequency
the prevalence of alternative versions of genes
aesthetic
branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty and art
anabolic
a reaction which requires energy and builds up molecules
animal welfare
physical and psychological well-being of animals. the term animal welfare can also mean human concern for animal welfare. welfare is measured by indicators including behaviour, physiology, longevity and reproduction
annual weed
plant which grows, flowers, sets seeds, and dies within the space of one year
anthropomorphism
the tendency to attribute to animals human qualities such as mental, social and emotional characteristics
anticodon
a triplet of exposed bases on a tRNA molecule
antiparallel
running in an opposite direction
apical meristems
growing points (regions of mitosis) found at the tips of plant stems or roots allowing increase in length
archaea
a group of single-celled microorganisms
artificial selection
intentional breeding controlled by humans for particular traits or characteristics
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, coenzyme used as an energy carrier in the cells of all known organisms
ATP synthase
an enzyme which produces ATP
biodiversity
degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet
bioinformatics
a process which combines computer science and statisitical analysis to study genomes
biological catalysts
catalysts made of protein that are only found in living cells
biological yield
total plant biomass
blastocyst
an embryo that has developed for 5-6 days after fertilisation
bottleneck
an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing
calorimeter
a piece of equipment used to measure heat generation from an organism to allow metabolic rate to be calculated
calvin cycle/carbon fixation
a series of biochemical reactions that takes place in the chloroplast and does not require light
carnivore
animal which eats meat and which derives its energy requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue whether through predation or scavenging
catabolic
a reaction which releases energy and breaks down molecules
chlorophyll
the green pigment which is found in almost all plants and green algae. it absorbs light which is essential for photosynthesis
chloroplast
the photosynthetic unit of a plant cell, containing all the chlorophyll
citric acid cycle
the second stage of respiration, where acetyl from acetyl coa and oxaloacetate join to form citrate and a series of reactions which return citrate to oxaloacetate
codon
a triplet of exposed bases on a length of mRNA
competition
an interaction or struggle between organisms or species for a source such as food, territory or mates, in which the fitness or numbers of one is reduced by the presence of another
competitive inhibition
competitive inhibition of enzyme activity occurs when an inhibitor, resembling the structure of the substrate, binds to the active site of the enzyme and blocks the binding of the substrate
cooperative hunting
animals such as lions hunt as a group to increase their chances of successfully killing prey
cross pollination
when pollen is delivered to a flower of a different plant
crossbreeding
a crossbreed, (adjective crossbred) usually refers to an animal with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. crossbreeding refers to the process of breeding such an animal, often with the intention to create offspring that share the traits of both parent lineages, or producing an animal with hybrid vigour
cultivar
plant or group of plants selected for a particular characteristic
daily torpor
a period of reduced activity in organisms with high metabolic rates
degradation
process by which ecosystems or habitats are broken down or fragmented
dehydrogenase
an enzyme which removes hydrogen ions and electrons from substrates
deletion
removal of a length of DNA from a chromosome
deletion mutation
loss of a section of DNA or a number of nucleotides
differentiation
the process by which cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more specialised function
DNA ligase
an enzyme that facilitates the process by which which fragments of DNA are joined together
DNA polymerase
an enzyme that synthesises DNA strands from individual nucleotides
dormancy
a condition of biological rest or inactivity characterised by cessation of growth or development and the suspension of many metabolic processes
double helix
the double helical shape of a DNA molecule
duplication
repetition of a series of nucleotides within a chromosome
economic yield
the mass of desired product
effector
cells, muscles, or glands which perform responses to stimuli