finishing touches <3333 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cell metabolism

A

the total set of reactions in a cell

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2
Q

do enzymes lower or raise the activation energy for a reaction

A

lower

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3
Q

what happens in a reaction as you increase substrate concentration

A

the rate of reaction increases but then becomes constant

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4
Q

what is respiration

A

the breakdown of respiratory substrates to release energy

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5
Q

what does the phosphorylation in the energy-investment phase of glycolysis result in

A

the generation of more ATP in the energy pay-off phase

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6
Q

what are examples of cellular processes that require energy

A

protein synthesis, contraction of muscle, active transport, DNA replicationn and carbon fixation

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7
Q

how do regulators control their internal environment

A

metabolism eg water balance, temperature, blood sugar

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8
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions

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9
Q

how does negative feedback control return temperature to normal

A

it uses corrective responses to reverse changes in internal temperature

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10
Q

what is vasodilation of blood vessels

A

increased blood flow to the skin which increases heat loss by radiation

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11
Q

what is vasoconstriction of blood vessels

A

decreased blood flow to the skin which decreases heat loss by radiation

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12
Q

does aestivation require more or less energy than hibernation to maintain a minimum body temperature

A

less

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13
Q

what is innate behaviour triggered by

A

an external stimulus such as photoperiod

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14
Q

how may an organism’s metabolic rate be measured?

A
  • measurement of oxygen consumption with a respirometer
  • measurement of heat production by with a calorimeter
  • measurement of carbon dioxide production with a carbon dioxide probe
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15
Q

what type of circulatory system do birds and mammals have

A

complete double circulation

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16
Q

put the order of metabolic rates of fish, birds and reptiles from lowest to highest

A
  • fish
  • reptiles
  • birds
17
Q

which types of organisms have an internal environment which is dependent on the external environment

A

conformers

18
Q

which type of organism can live in wider environmental niche -conformers or regulators?

A

regulators

19
Q

why is thermoregulation critical to mammals

A

mammals need it to maintain optimum temperature for enzyme activity

20
Q

give two complex compounds sometimes added to culture media to enable certain microorganisms to grow

A
  • vitamins
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
21
Q

why does the death phase occur

A

accumulation of toxic metabolites or lack of nutrients in the culture media

22
Q

what is the difference between total and viable cell counts

A
  • total is the living and the dead cells

- viable is only the living cells

23
Q

give two features of a plasmid that allow it to be an effective vector

A
  • origin of replication
  • selectable marker gene
  • restriction site
  • regulatory sequence
24
Q

when might you use an artificial chromosome rather than a plasmid

A

if it is a larger section of DNA you are trying to work with

25
name the enzymes involved in recombinant DNA technology
- DNA ligase | - restriction endonuclease
26
what is thermoregulation an example of
negative feedback control
27
what is increased blood flow to the skin for cooling called
vasodilation
28
is it predictive or consequential dormancy if an animal starts hibernation every november
predictive
29
what is the reduction of the metabolic rate for part of the day know as
daily torpor
30
what is a disadvantage of migration
high energy expenditure
31
give examples of how stem cells can be used as model cells in medical research
- development and testing of medicines - study how diseases develop - study cell growth and gene regulation