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Biology Unit 1+2 > Unit 2 : Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Unit 2 : Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

The cell cycle

A

The complete series of events from one cell division to the next, it ensures that genetic information can be passed without error from one cell to two daughter cells of the next generation.

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2
Q

Key events in the cell cycle

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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3
Q

Interphase

A

In the mitotic cell cycle, the period of cell growth and DNA synthesis

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4
Q

During interphase are chromosomes visible with a light microscope?

A

No

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5
Q

Stages of interphase

A

G1
Synthesis
G2

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6
Q

Gap 1

A
  • the cell undergoes growth
  • synthesises proteins required for DNA replication
  • mitochondria/chloroplasts divide
  • either continues into G0 stage or into synthesis
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7
Q

G0

A

Is the stage where the cell is just existing carrying out its daily functions
Quiescence (not dividing) stage

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8
Q

Synthesis

A
  • The parent cell replicates or synthesises its DNA

- In the end, there are 2 identical copies of DNA

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9
Q

Gap 2

A
  • Further growth in preparation for division
  • Synthesis of proteins for spindle fibres
  • By the end, the cell has doubled in size
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10
Q

How long does a typical human cell take to complete the cell cycle?

A

24 hours

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11
Q

Mitosis phases

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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12
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes gradually condense - becoming shorter and thicker - and become visible as double-stranded structures.
The spindle forms and the nuclear membrane breaks down

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

The double-stranded chromosomes, dyads, lines up around the equator of the cell

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

The sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the spindle by the contraction of the spindle fibres

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15
Q

Telophase

A

A nuclear membrane forms around each separate group of single-stranded chromosomes and the chromosomes gradually decondense.

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16
Q

Chromatid

A

Visible as a double, thread-like structures held together in a constricted region and are held together by a centromere

17
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm occurring after mitosis
Animals - The bridge of the cytoplasm pinches and separates the nuclei
Plant - A cell plate forms between the 2 groups of chromosomes to form a new cell wall

18
Q

Differences in mitosis in animal and plant cells

A

Only occurs in plants meristems
Plants lack a centriole
Plants have a cell plate
Animals cleavage furrows

19
Q

Binary fission

A

The process of cell multiplication in bacteria and other unicellular organisms in which there is no formation of spindle fibres and no chromosomal condensation

20
Q

Steps of binary fission

A

DNA copies itself
Prokaryotic cell elongates and DNA separates
The cell begins to contract in the middle, dividing its contents (cytokinesis)
Cells separate and 2 identical daughter cells are produced

21
Q

Checkpoints in the cell cycle

A

G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M checkpoint

22
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Occurs at Gap 1

Check if the DNA is damaged or incomplete and enters the quiescent stage and it may be fixed or kill itself

23
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Occurs at Gap 2

Replicated DNA is checked for damage if cleared it can then undergo mitosis

24
Q

M checkpoint

A

Occurs at metaphase

Check that the sister chromatids are attached to the correct microtubules of the spindle

25
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Made up of centrioles and microtubules for the chromatids to be separated into the two parts

26
Q

Why is the cell cycle important?

A

Growth - to increase the number of cells
Repair and maintenence - replacing dead or damaged cells
Reproduction - to make way for the new generation of cells

27
Q

Cells that go through cell division constantly

A

Basal stem cells of the epidermis
Intestinal stem cells of the gut
Haematopoietic stem cells

28
Q

What happens when cell division goes wrong?

A

Psoriasis

Cancer

Biology Unit 1+2 (9 decks)

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