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Biology Unit 1+2 > Unit 1: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release energy, more chemical energy in the reactants than the products

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2
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Consume energy, more chemical energy in the products than the reactants

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3
Q

Requirements for life for a unicellular and multicellular organism

A
  • access to a source of energy
  • obtain organic molecules
  • access water
  • exchange gases
  • remove waste products
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4
Q

To obtain energy organisms must be able to…

A
  • capture energy from an external source
  • convert this energy into chemical energy of organic molecules
  • transfer energy produced in excess into organic molecules for storage
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5
Q

Types of energy

A

Thermal
Electrical
Radiant
Chemical

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6
Q

How do plants and algae capture energy?

A

By trapping radiant energy (sunlight)

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7
Q

How do animals and fungi capture energy?

A

Capture in the form of chemical energy from the organic molecules in their food

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8
Q

Is sunlight energy useful for cells? Why?

A

No, because sunlight is a diffuse form of energy that can be transported by cells or stored in that form in cells

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9
Q

How do plants change sunlight energy into chemical energy?

A

Photosynthesis

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10
Q

Word and chemical equation of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + Water > Glucose + Oxygen

6CO2 + 12H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

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11
Q

How does an animal break down their food?

A

Digestive enzymes produced by the animal break down the large organic molecules

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12
Q

In what form is energy stored?

A

ATP, glucose, glycogen (animals), starch (plants), fats and proteins

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13
Q

ATP

A
  • Can be used immediately by cells
  • Single step reaction
  • Releases energy in small amounts
  • Powers all energy-requiring reactions that keep all organisms alive
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14
Q

ATP reaction

A

ATP + Water > ADP + phosphate
When ATP combines with water it loses a phosphate through hydrolysis which releases energy and then the energy from glucose regenerates ATP to allow a phosphate to bond with ADP to make ATP

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15
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6
The chemical energy can be released and transferred to ATP
In cells, chemical energy of glucose is released by cellular respiration
1 molecule of glucose can produce 34-36 ATP

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16
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide in animals
Stored in liver and muscle
When needed glucose can be released from these energy stores
Excess glucose from food is stored as glycogen

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17
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide in plants

When needed glucose can be released to make energy

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18
Q

Fats

A

Tryglicerides stored in adipose tissue
Slower release energy stores
Largest in the human body
Energy in fats comes from fatty acids

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19
Q

Inorganic molecules

A 
Water
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Mineral quartz
Iron ore hematite
Aluminium ore bauxite
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20
Q

Organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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21
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that must obtain preformed organic molecules through feeding ie; animals

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22
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that can make their own organic molecules from inorganic raw materials ie; plants

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23
Q

Different types of sunlight energy

A

High energy short wavelength ultraviolet radiation
to
lower energy infra red radiation

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24
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Allow plant cells to catch sunlight
Gives leaves their green colour
Embedded in the grana
Absorb sunlight best in blue to red peaks

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25
Q

Why are chloroplasts green?

A

Because the chloroplast does not absorb the light, it reflects it

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26
Q

Accessory pigments

A

Light capturing pigments
Carotenoids
Phycocyanin
Phycoerythrin

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27
Q

What light capturing pigments do plant cells contain?

A

Chlorophyll and carotenoids

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28
Q

Leaf structure components

A 
Waxy cuticle
Upper/lower epidermis
Stroma
guard cell
Vascular bundle - phloem and xylem
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29
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Builds simple inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide and water) into complex organic molecules (glucose) that provide energy for living

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30
Q

Where are chlorophylls located?

A

On the grana membrane of chloroplasts

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31
Q

How many chloroplasts does a photosynthetic cell have?

A

40-200

32
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis

A

When oxygen is one of the products of photosynthesis

33
Q

Leaves

A
  • flat shape provides a large area to catch sunlight
  • contains photosynthetic cells with chloroplast to catch light
  • stomata on the underside of the leaf allow carbon dioxide to enter
  • covered with a waxy cuticle
  • internal air of the leaf allows diffusion of carbon dioxide
  • vascular tissue contains xylem vessels and phloem tissue
34
Q

Xylem vessels

A

In vascular tissue and transport water to photosynthetic cells

35
Q

Phloem tissue

A

In vascular tissue to transport the products of photosynthesis from these cells to all other cells throughout a plant

36
Q

Stems

A
  • thick-walled xylem vessels give rigidity to stem
  • branching of stems allows leaves to be positioned to catch more sunlight
  • xylem vessels transport water and minerals from roots
  • phloem tissue moves products to non-photosynthetic cells
37
Q

Roots

A
  • an extensive root system taps a significant volume of soil for water and mineral salts
  • at the tip of the root, there are root hairs which have a large surface area for the absorption of water and minerals
38
Q

Chemosynthetic autotrophs

A

Can build organic molecules from the oxidation of inorganic molecules from carbon dioxide

39
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Cellular respiration requiring oxygen

  • Exergonic (energy releasing)
  • C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 +6H2O
  • most energy released is lost as heat (60%)
  • 40% efficiency
40
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  • anoxic (oxygen-free) environments
  • called fermentation
  • ATP is produced more rapidly
41
Q

Step 1 of aerobic respiration (glycolosis)

A
  • in cytosol of cell
  • glycolosis - glucose breaks down into 2 molecules called pyruvate
  • energy released produces 2 ATP
  • pyruvate is transported into matrix of mitochondria
42
Q

Step 2 of aerobic respiration (electron transport chain and krebs cycle)

A
  • the inner membrane of mitochondria

- where oxygen comes so that 32 ATP can be produced

43
Q

Rates of aerobic respiration

A
  • different muscle tissues have different energy requirements
  • measured by consumption of oxygen or uptake of glucose
44
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

in skeletal muscles, after glucose is broken down into pyruvate an enzyme converts it to lactic acid

45
Q

Phosphocreatine

A

Is in the skeletal muscles and can transfer its phosphate to produce ATP
ADP + PCr > ATP + Cr

46
Q

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

A

oxygen not required for anaerobic
anaerobic had fast ATP production, aerobic is slower
anaerobic can be sustained for short time, aerobic for a long time
anaerobic is less efficient, aerobic is more
2 ATP made for anaerobic, 34-36 made for aerobic
end products; anaerobic can have lactate and water, aerobic has carbon dioxide and water

47
Q

Factors that affect photosynthesis

A

Light
Carbon dioxide
Temperature
Water

48
Q

Components of chloroplast

A 
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Thylakoid
Grana
Stroma
49
Q

2 stages of photosynthesis

A 
Light dependant
Light independant ( calvin cycle)
50
Q

Light dependent stage

A

water reacts with sunlight then NADP carries hydrogen to calvin cycle which produces Oxygen gas and NADPH+
located in grana or thylakoid membrane

51
Q

Light independant stage

A

NADPH+ reacts with carbon dioxide to produce glucose and NAPD which goes back to the light-dependent stage
located in the stroma

52
Q

Thylakoid

A

the individual membranes

53
Q

Grana

A

a stack of thylakoids

54
Q

Stroma

A

jelly like substance surrounding the grana

55
Q

Plastid

A

energy converter organelle

56
Q

Anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Glucose > Lactic acid + energy

C6H12O6 > 2C3H6O3 + ATP

57
Q

Anaerobic respiration for plants ( fermentation)

A

Glucose > Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy

C6H12O6 > 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + ATP

58
Q

Difference between chemosynthetic autotrophs and photosynthetic autotrophs

A

Chemosynthetic organisms do not require sunlight to create glucose for energy for survival, whereas photosynthetic organisms require light to produce glucose for energy

59
Q

Inputs of photosynthesis

A

Light dependant - Water, NADP and sunlight has to be present

Light-independent - NADPH+, and carbon dioxide

60
Q

Outputs of photosynthesis

A

Light dependant - Oxygen, ATP

Light-independent - Glucose, NADP

61
Q

Where does the light-dependent stage occur

A

In the grana or thylakoid membrane

62
Q

Where does the light independent stage occur

A

Stroma

63
Q

Leaf structure

A

Cuticle
Upper epidermis
Mesophyll
Guard cells

64
Q

How do gases leave and enter leaves?

A

Through the stomata

65
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Protects the leaf

66
Q

Upper epidermis

A

Provides protection against pathogens

67
Q

Mesophyll

A

Allows the leaf to photosynthesise

68
Q

Guard cells

A

Open and close to moderate the process of respiration

69
Q

Stoma

A

Opening on the underside of the leaf to allow gas exchange from photosynthesis

70
Q

Inputs of glycolosis

A

Glucose

ADP + phosphate

71
Q

Outputs of glycolosis

A

2 ATP

Pyruvate (C3H6O3)

72
Q

Location of glycosis

A

Cytosol/cytoplasm

73
Q

Inputs of aerobic respiration

A

Pyruvate

Oxygen

74
Q

Outputs of aerobic respiration

A

32-34 ATP
CArbon dioxide
Water

75
Q

Location of aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

76
Q

End products of fermentation

A

Lactate and water
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
Butyl alcohol
Vinegar

Biology Unit 1+2 (9 decks)

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