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Biology Unit 1+2 > Unit 2 : Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Unit 2 : Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Method of producing offspring in which an egg and sperm fuse to form a zygote

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2
Q

Gametes

A

Eggs or sperm cells

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3
Q

Sperm

A

Male gametes produced in the testes

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4
Q

Egg

A

Female gametes produced in the ovaries

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5
Q

Gonads

A

Organs in which gametes are formed; ovaries or testes

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6
Q

Ovaries

A

Egg producing organ

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7
Q

Testes

A

Male gonad that produces both sperm and male hormones`

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8
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Has egg producing and sperm-producing organs

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread-like structure composed of DNA and protein, and visible in cells during mitosis and meiosis

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10
Q

Somatic cells

A

refers to cells of the body other than germline cells

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11
Q

Diploid number

A

refers to organisms or cells having two copies of each specific chromosome, that is, having a paired set of chromosomes

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12
Q

Homologous pairs

A

refers to members of a matching pair of chromosomes

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13
Q

How many cells are in a gamete

A

46

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14
Q

Haploid number

A

Having one copy of each specific chromosome: that is, having a set of unpaired chromosomes

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15
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduction division
Process of cell division that results in the production of new cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes of the original cell

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16
Q

Fertilisation

A

Union of egg and sperm to form a zygote

17
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Replicated chromosomes form homologous pairs, attached to spindle fibres and lined up in the middle

18
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes move independently to opposite ends of the cell towards poles
Independent assortment

19
Q

Telophase 1

A

Cytoplasm begins to divide and the chromosomes are now haploid
The cells are not identical due to crossing over

20
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes in both cells line up on the equator, attached to spindle fibres

21
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids separate and move to separate poles

22
Q

Telophase 2

A

Chromosomes are decondensing
The nuclear membrane is reforming
Spindle fibre is breaking down

23
Q

Prophase 1

A

Homologous pairs line up and non-sister chromatids cross over

24
Q

Prophase 2

A

Nuclear membrane disintegrates; chromosomes become attached to spindle fibres at centromeres and move toward the centre

25
Q

independent assortment

A

Non-homologous pairs pulled away at anaphase to create more genetic divirsity

26
Q

Simultaneous hermaphrodism

A

Is when the species contains both egg and sperm-producing organs

27
Q

Sequential hermaphrodites

A

When the species can change from having egg-producing organs to sperm-producing organs

28
Q

Reduction division

A

A cell begins with 46 chromosomes reduces to gametes with 23 chromosomes

29
Q

Reduction division

A

A cell begins with 46 chromosomes reduces to gametes with 23 chromosomes

30
Q

Meiosis facts

A

It halves the chromosome number from 46 to 23
Produces random combinations ie; genetic divirsity
Crosses over to create new genetic combinations

31
Q

Difference in mitosis and meiosis

A

Meiosis occurs in germ cells in ovary/testes
Meiosis is for the production of gametes, whereas mitosis is for growth and repair
Meiosis is 2 divisions, mitosis is one
Meiosis has a pair of matching chromosomes, mitosis doesn’t
Crossing over occurs in meiosis
Meiosis produces 4 haploid gametes unidentical and mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells

32
Q

Nondisjunction

A

When chromosomes fail to join or separate at anaphase, where there are two copies or a chromosome is missing

33
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Genetic diversity

Better equipped to survive a disease outbreak

34
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

The energy required for the process and the finding of a suitable partner
Cannot reproduce quickly

35
Q

External fertilisation

A

When animals release their gametes into the external environment to be fertilised outside of the female

36
Q

Internal fertilisation

A

When males deliver sperm directly into the reproductive system of females so fertilisation occurs inside the body

Biology Unit 1+2 (9 decks)

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