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Biochemistry for Nursing > Unit 2: Biochemistry of the Cell > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biochemistry of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, separating the cell’s internal environment from the external environment

A

Plasma Membrane

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2
Q

What consists of the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Lipid Bilayer

Arrangement of Membrane Proteins

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3
Q
  • Basic structural framework of the plasma membrane.

- Two back-to-back layers made up of three type of lipid molecules.

A

Lipid Bilayer

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4
Q

What lipid molecules make up the lipid bilayer

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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5
Q

Why does the bilayer arrangement occur?

A

Because the lipids are amphipathic molecules, which means that they have both polar and nonpolar parts.

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6
Q

In phospholipids, which parts are the polar and nonpolar parts?

A

The polar part if the phosphate-containing “head” (hydrophilic)

The nonpolar parts are the two long fatty acid “tails” (hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains.)

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7
Q

Membrane proteins are classified according into what?

A

Whether they are firmly embedded in the membrane integral proteins extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it.

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8
Q

What are the classifications of membrane proteins?

A

Integral Proteins

Peripheral Proteins

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9
Q

Are transmembrane proteins, which mean that they can span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid.

A

Integral proteins

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10
Q

Are proteins that are not as firmly embedded in the membrane.
Attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.

A

Peripheral proteins.

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11
Q

A passive process where substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of membrane transport proteins.

A

Simple diffusion

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12
Q

What type of molecules move across the lipid bilayer through the process of simple diffusion?

A

Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules

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13
Q
  • Solutes that are too polar or highly charged to move through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion.
  • An integral membrane proteins assists a specific substance across a membrane.
  • Integral membrane protein can be either a membrane channel or a carrier.
A

Facilitated Diffusion

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14
Q
  • A type of diffusion in which there is a net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.
  • A passive process.
A

Osmosis

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15
Q

In living systems, what is the solvent in osmosis?

A

Water

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16
Q

What happens to the water as a solvent during osmosis?

A

Moves by osmosis across the plasma membranes from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

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17
Q

During osmosis, how does water molecules pass through a plasma membrane?

A
  1. By moving between neighboring phospholipid molecules in the lipid bilayer via simple diffusion
  2. By moving through aquaporins, integral membrane proteins that function as water channels.
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18
Q

Consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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19
Q

What are the two components of the cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol

Organelles

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20
Q
  • The fluid portion of cytoplasm.
  • Also called intracellular fluid
  • Contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles.
  • The fluid which many of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur.
A

Cytosol

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21
Q
  • A network in the cytoplasm composed of three protein filaments
  • Maintains shape and general organization of cellular contents
  • Responsible for cell movements
A

The cytoskeleton

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22
Q

What are the three protein filaments that composes the cytoplasm?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules

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23
Q
  • Specialized structures with characteristic shapes

- Has specific functions

A

Organelles

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24
Q
  • Very small rounded bodies found on both ends of the nucleus.
  • Regulate the rate of cell division and multiplication
  • Contains centriole
A

Centrosome

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25
Q

What material does the pericentriolar contain that is used for growth of the mitotic spindle and microtubule formation?

A

Tubulins

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26
Q
  • Motile cell surface projections that contain 20 microtubules and a basal body.
A

Cilia and Flagella

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27
Q
  • Moves fluids over cell’s surface
A

Cilia

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28
Q
  • Moves entire cell
A

Flagella

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29
Q
  • Translates the genetic code into polypeptide chains
  • 60% RNA and 40% protein
    Composed of two subunits containing ribosomal RNA and proteins; may be free in cytosol or attached to rough ER.
  • Protein synthesis.
A

Ribosome

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30
Q
  • Membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules.
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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31
Q
  • Manufactures, processes, and transports proteins for export from cell
  • Synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred to cellular organelles.
  • ER that is covered by ribosomes and is attached to the nuclear envelope.
A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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32
Q
  • Involved in the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of drugs and poisons.
  • Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, inactivates or detoxifies drugs
  • Metabolizes Calcium
  • Stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells.
  • ER that lacks ribosomes.
A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

33
Q
  • Consists of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.
A
  • Golgi Complex
34
Q

The Golgi complex is divided structurally and functionally into?

A

Entry (cis) face
Medial Cisternae
Exit (trans) face

35
Q

Part of the golgi complex that accepts proteins from rough ER

A

Entry (cis) face

36
Q

Part of the golgi complex that accepts glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins.

A

Medial Cisternae

37
Q

Part of the golgi complex that modifies molecules further, then sorts and packages them for transport to their destination.

A

Exit (trans) face

38
Q
  • Vesicle formed from Golgi Complex, contains digestive enzymes.
  • Fuses with and digests contents of endosomes, pinocytic vesicles, and phagosomes and transports final products of digestion into cytosol.
39
Q

What does the lysosome digest?

A 
Worn-out organelles (autophagy)
Entire cells (autolysis)
Extracellular materials
40
Q
  • Spherical or oblong structures.
  • Production and degradation of H2O2
  • Vesicle containing oxidases (oxidative enzymes) and catalase (decomposes hydrogen peroxide)
  • Oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids; detoxifies harmful substances, such as hydrogen peroxide and associated free radicals.
A

Peroxisome

41
Q

What enzymes does peroxisome contain?

A

Oxidases (Oxidative enzymes)

Catalase (Decomposes hydrogen peroxide)

42
Q
  • Tiny barrel-shaped structure that contains proteases ( proteolytic enzymes)
  • Degrades unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting them into small peptides.
A

Proteasome

43
Q
  • Site of aerobic respiration reactions that produce most of a cell’s ATP.
A

Mitochondrion

44
Q

What do mitochondrion consist of?

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Cristae
Matrix

45
Q
  • A large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA.

- Double membrane-bound control center of the cell.

46
Q

The average adult has how many cells?

A

100 trillion cells

47
Q

How many different types of cells are there?

A

200 types of cells

48
Q

What are the general rules about cells?

A

All organisms are composed of one or more cells
All living cells came from other living cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of an organism

49
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

50
Q

Cells that contain a nucleus and organelle and is more developed.

A

Eukaryotic Cells

51
Q
  • Cells that do not include a nucleus or specialized organelles.
  • Genetic material is naked in the cytoplasm
A

Prokaryotic Cells

52
Q

What are the types of cell based on fucntion?

A

Somatic Cells

Sex Cellls

53
Q

A nucleus contains chromosomes, each of which consists of _________.

A

A single molecule of DNA

54
Q

What are the parts of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus

55
Q
  • Numerous openings in the nuclear envelope.

- Controls the movement of substances between cytoplasm.

A

Nuclear Pores

56
Q
  • Small, discrete, spherical, densely staining structures made up of RNA;
  • Produces ribosomes
57
Q
  • Long, linear chromatin materials combined with protein molecules.
  • Contains the genes that represent all the traits of an individual.
A

Chromosomes

58
Q

Composed of segmented DNA

59
Q

What are the types of traits?

A

Dominant Trait

Recessive Trait

60
Q

Trait which is present or evident or manifested in majority of the offspring in every generation

A

Dominant Trait

61
Q
  • Trait which may be seen only in a minority of offspring.

- May even disappear in one generation but will re-appear in succeeding generations

A

Recessive Trait

62
Q

What are the types of expression of hereditary traits?

A

Phenotype

Genotype

63
Q
  • The physical observable aspects of heredity as handed down from generation
  • Type of hair, eyes
64
Q
  • The non-observable, non-physical aspects of hereditary

- IQ, talent

65
Q

What are the layers and composition of the plasma membrane?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins (Peripheral and Integral)
Lipids

66
Q

Membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrudes to the extracellular fluid

A

Glycoproteins

67
Q

The “sugary coating: made up of the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids and glycoproteins

A

Glycocalyx

68
Q

The lipid bilayer is permeable to what?

A

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Steroids

69
Q

The lipid bilayer is impermeable to what?

70
Q

Factors Affecting Passage of Substances

A

Degree of Ionization
Lipid Solubility
Water Solubility
Size of Substance

71
Q

What are the types of gradient?

A

Concentration gradient

Electrical Charge Gradient

72
Q
  • Inequalities in the solute concentration of 2 solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane
A

Concentration gradient

73
Q

Differences in the net charge of the solute

A

Electrical charge gradient

74
Q

A small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane

75
Q

Materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

76
Q

Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid

A

Exocytosis

77
Q
  • Solution that has the same tonicity and osmolality as the blood
  • Does not affect the amount of water in cells
  • E.g Isotonic saline
A

Isotonic Solution

78
Q
  • Has lower tonicity and osmolality than the blood

- Drives water into the cell

A

Hypotonic Solution

79
Q
  • Has greater tonicity and osmolality than the blood

- Drives water out of the cell into the environment

A

Hypertonic Solution

Biochemistry for Nursing (10 decks)

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