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Biochemistry for Nursing > Unit 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Unit 1: Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.

A

Matter

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2
Q

A state of matter that is compact and has a definite shape and volume (Ex. Bones and Teeth)

A

Solid

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3
Q

A state of matter that has a definite volume and assume the shape of their container (Ex. Blood Plasma)

A

Liquids

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4
Q

A state of matter that neither has a definite shape nor volume. (Ex. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide)

A

Gasses

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5
Q

Building blocks of all forms of living and non-living matter.

A

Chemical Elements

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6
Q

One or two letters of the element’s name in English, Latin, or another language (Ex. H for Hydrogen)

A

Chemical Symbol

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7
Q

Smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the element.

A

Atoms

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8
Q

The basic composition of an atom.

A

Subatomic Particles

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9
Q

The three types of subatomic particles.

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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10
Q

Positively charged subatomic particles

A

Proton

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11
Q

Negatively charged subatomic particles

A

Electrons

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12
Q

An atom that has a positive or negative charge because it has equal numbers of protons and electrons.

A

Ion

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13
Q

The process of giving up or gaining electrons.

A

Ionization

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14
Q

The resulting combination of two or more atoms that share electrons

A

Molecule

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15
Q

It indicates the elements and the number of atoms of each element that make up a molecule

A

Molecular Formula

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16
Q

A substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements (Ex. Water (H2O))

A

Compound

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17
Q

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron on the outermost shell

A

Free Radical

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18
Q

The forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound

A

Chemical Bounds

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19
Q

The force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges

A

Ionic Bond

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20
Q

Positively charged ion (Ex. Hydrogen ion, Sodium ion, Potassium ion)

A

Cation

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21
Q

Negatively charged ion (Fluoride ion, Chloride ion, Iodide ion)

A

Anion

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22
Q

Ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution.

A

Electrolytes (Most ions in the body are dissolved in body fluids as electrolytes)

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23
Q

Two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

A

Covalent Bond

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24
Q

Forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring atoms.

A

Hydrogen Bond

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25
Q

Occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break within atoms

A

Chemical Reaction

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26
Q

Refers to all chemical reactions occurring in the body.
Sum of all chemical reactions within a biological system.
Related to management of energy supply and generation of molecules for cellular synthesis.

A

Metabolism

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27
Q

The capability to do work.

A

Energy

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28
Q

The two basic types of energy.

A

Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy

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29
Q

Energy stored by matter due to its position.

A

Potential Energy

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30
Q

The energy associated with matter in motion.

A

Kinetic Energy

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31
Q

A form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules.

A

Chemical Energy

32
Q

The collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactant molecules so a reaction can start.

A

Activation Energy

33
Q

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.

A

Catalyst

34
Q

The most important catalysts in the body.

A

Enzymes

35
Q

The process of combination of two or more atoms, ions, or molecules to form a new and larger molecule.

A

Synthesis Reaction

36
Q

What does the word “synthesis” mean?

A

To put together

37
Q

Collectively refers to all of the syntheses that occur in the body.
Synthesis of molecules using energy in the form of ATP.

A

Anabolism

38
Q

Splits up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules.

A

Decomposition Reaction

39
Q

Collectively refers to all the decomposition reactions happening inside your body.
Degradative oxidation of biological fuels (largely HC) to produce energy (ATP).

A

Catabolism

40
Q

“Single replacement”
Consists of both synthesis and decomposition reactions.
One element is replaced by another in a compound.

A

Exchange Reaction

41
Q

The products can revert to the original reactants.

A

Reversible Reaction

42
Q

Refers to the loss of electrons; in the process the oxidized substance releases energy.

A

Oxidation Reaction

43
Q

Refers to the gain of electrons; in the process, the reduced substance gains energy.

A

Reduction

44
Q

Is always parallel; when a substance is oxidized, another is reduced at the same time.

A

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction or Redox

45
Q

The Swedish founder of Biochemistry

A

Karl Schelle

46
Q

What Karl Schelle studied mid 1700s.

A

The chemical composition of matter

47
Q

Proposed that the combustion of a candle is similar to the respiration of animals, as both need O2.

A

Antoine Lavoisier

48
Q

The first time a physiological process was explained with reference to a nonliving mechanism.

A

1780s by Antoine Lavoisier

49
Q

A common belief until the early 1800’s where it was thought that compounds found in living organisms can only be produced in the laboratory

A

Vitalism

50
Q

What did the vitalists argue that is now an obsolete scientific doctrine?

A

That it was a presence of a “vital force” (life force or spirit) that distinguished the living organic world from the inanimate inorganic world.

51
Q

Disproved the vitalism belief by synthesizing urea in 1828.

A

Friedrich Wohler

52
Q

Many science historians consider this as the starting point of Biochemistry.

A

In vitro synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wohler

53
Q

Many also consider his first demonstration of alcoholic fermentation in 1893 as the starting point for the birth of biochemistry.

A

Eduard Buchner

54
Q

This experiment showed that a variety of organic molecules, including amino acids, could form in an early, reducing atmosphere. Thus, living things obey the standard laws of physics and chemistry.

A

Miller-Urey Experiment

55
Q

Study of the chemical reactions that occur at the molecular level of organisms.
Study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other.

A

Biochemistry

56
Q

When did a major substance from animals and plants were identified, composed of C, H, O, and N?

A

1810’s - 1830’s

57
Q

When was the term protein first used?

A

1838.

58
Q

When did Schleiden and Swan formulate the Cell theory?

A

1840

59
Q

Who formulated the Cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Swan

60
Q

When did Walter Flemming discover chromosomes?

A

1875

61
Q

Who discovered chromosomes?

A

Walter Flemming

62
Q

When were carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids first recognized?

A

1850’s - 1890’s

63
Q

When was the term Biochemistry coined?

A

1870s

64
Q

Who coined the term Biochemistry?

A

Carl Newberg

65
Q

When did Embden and Mayerhoff described the glycolytic pathway

A

1925

66
Q

Who described the glycolytic pathway?

A

Embden and Mayerhoff

67
Q

When did Hans Kreb proposed the Kreb Cycle?

A

1937

68
Q

Who proposed the Kreb Cycle?

A

Hans Kreb

69
Q

When did James Watson and Francis Crick describe the double helical structure of DNA?

A

1953

70
Q

Who described the double helical structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

71
Q

When did Paul Boyer and Jay Walker discovered the Rotary Engine that generated ATP?

A

1997

72
Q

Who discovered the Rotary Engine?

A

Paul Boyer and Jay Walker

73
Q

Who studied the pump that drives sodium and potassium across membranes.

A

Danish J. Skou

74
Q

Who discovered the organism that causes Mad Cow Disease?

A

Stanley Frusiner

75
Q

Who discovered the electron microscope?

A

Ruska at. al

Biochemistry for Nursing (10 decks)

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