Unit 2 - ANS Pharm & Patho Flashcards
how is phenylephrine metabolized
MAO
synthetic catecholamines
isoproterenol, dobutamine
synthetic catecholamines
isoproterenol, dobutamine
2 neurotransmitters the ANS relies on
ACh & NE
NT of postganglionic PNS neurotransmission
cholinergic (ACh)
NT of postganglionic SNS neurotransmision
NE (adrenergic)
3 alpha selective drugs
- phenylephrine (α1)
- clonidine (α2)
- dexmedetomidine (α2)
infusion dose of phenylephrine
0.15-0.75 mcg/kg/min
HR effects of phenylephrine
significant reflex bradycardia may occur d/t baroreceptor activity
how does phenylephrine affect PAP
increases d/t direct vasoconstrictive action in lung vasculature & increased venous return
how can phenylephrine worsen ischemic event in a CAD patient?
CO decreased from strong baroreceptor reflex-induced bradycardia + abrupt increase in afterload
how to treat phenylephrine overdose
- alpha 2 blocker (phentolamine)
- time (duration is brief)
- do NOT use beta blocker
why are beta blockers contraindicated in phenylephrine overdose
induce pulmonary edema and catastrophic, irreversible CV collapse
3 locations of α2 receptors
- presynaptic (NE-releasing neurons in CNS & PNS)
- postsynaptic (smooth muscle, some organs)
- nonsynaptic (platelets)
location of α2 receptors in the nervous system
- medulla
- vagus nerve
- locus coeruleus
- dorsal horn of spinal cord
effect of α2 stimulation at medulla
decreased SNS tone
effect of α2 stimulation at vagus nerve
decreased PNS tone
effect of α2 stimulation at locus coeruleus
sedation, hypnosis
effect of α2 stimulation at dorsal horn of spinal cord
analgesia
effect of α2 stimulation in vasculature
vasoconstriction
effect of α2 stimulation in renal tubules
inhibits ADH (diuresis)
effect of α2 stimulation in pancreas
decreased insulin release
effect of α2 stimulation on platelets
increased platelet aggregation
effect of α2 stimulation in salivary glands
dry mouth (thick, viscous saliva)
effect of α2 stimulation in GI tract
decreased GI motility
protein binding of clonidine vs. dexmedetomidine
dex - 94%
clonidine - 50%
MOA of clonidine
- acts as α2 agonist at central presynaptic receptors (medulla and locus coeruleus)
- diminishes SNS outflow leading to sympatholysis (dec HR and BP)
how does clonidine affect vasculature
inhibits NE release, causing vasodilation
AEs of abrupt clonidine discontinuation
rebound HTN, tachycardia, arrhythmia
MOA of dexmedetomidine
stimulates presynaptic α2 receptors in the brain & spinal cord, leading to inhibition of neuronal firing
decreased sympathetic drive = hypotension, bradycardia, sedation, analgesia
AEs of dexmedetomidine
HTN, tachycardia, dysrhythmias
what role does dexmedetomidine play in pain signals
inhibition of NE release plays a role in modifying propagation of pain signals
effects of dexmedetomidine’s central sympatholytic effects
- anti-shivering
- reduction in neuroendocrine stress response to surgery
AEs of rapid dexmedetomidine admin
can stimulate postsynaptic α2 receptors in arterial and venous circulations and cause vasoconstriction/HTN
which adrenergic agonist is not arrhythmogenic
phenylephrine
metabolism of epinephrine
- reuptake
- MAO & COMT
receptor stimulation of epinephrine
β1 > β2, α1
receptors stimulated by norepinephrine
α1, β1 > β2
adrenergic agonists that decrease airway resistance
- epinephrine
- isoproterenol
metabolism of NE
- reuptake
- MAO & COMT
metabolism of dopamine
- reuptake
- MAO & COMT
metabolism of isoproterenol
COMT
metabolism of dobutamine
COMT
metabolism of ephedrine
liver
receptors stimulated by dopamine
β1 > β2, α1
receptors stimulated by isoproterenol
β1 > β2
receptors stimulated by dobutamine
β1 > β2 > α1
catecholamines that increase RBF
- dopamine
- dobutamine
net effect of epi in different tisuses/organs
- organs with higher incidence of β2 receptors (skeletal muscles) = vasodilation
- higher incidence of α receptors (mesentery, kidneys) = vasoconstriction
effects of low vs. higher doses of epi
- lower: favor β effects (increased HR, CO, inotropy, pulse pressure, decreased SVR)
- higher: favor α effects (increased SVR, decreas CO)ed
metabolic effects of epi
increased blood glucose
hypokalemia d/t transcellular K+ shift
what is “epinephrine reversal”
converting the pressor response (mediated by α receptors) to a depressor response (mediated by β2)
might see if giving epi to treat severe hypotension caused by alpha blockers
effects of low vs. high doses of NE
low: favor beta-1 effects (increased HR, CO, inotropy, dromotropy)
high: favor beta-1 and alpha effects (systemic vasoconstriction except coronaries, decreased HR)
NE effect on venous return
enhances by venous vasoconstriction
principal use of NE
increase total peripheral vascular resistance, increasing BP
HR changes with NE
may be clinically insignificant d/t vasoconstrictive stim. of baroreceptors to slow HR countered by beta-1 positive chronotropic effect
metabolic effects of NE
minimal- no BG increase
first line treatment of distributive shock states
NE
how does dopamine affect CO
increases by positive chronotropic, inotropic, and dromotropic activity via beta 1 receptors
dose, receptor & effects of low dose dopamine
- dose: < 3 mcg/kg/min
- receptor: D1
- effects: vasodilation, increased renal and splanchnic blood flow
dose, receptor & effects of moderate dose dopamine
- dose: 3-8 mcg/kg/min
- alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors in heart and periphery
- increased contractility and BP
dose, receptor & effects of high dose dopamine
- dose: > 10 mcg/kg/min
- pure alpha 1 agonist
- increased BP
effects of postsynaptic D1 receptors
vasodilation of renal, GI, coronary, and cerebral vessels
effects of presynaptic D2 receptors
inhibit NE release, cause vasodilation
where are D2 receptors found
- pituitary gland
- emetic center
- kidney
how does dopamine affect vascular beds
highly variable effects depending on dose and receptor type/density