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APEX > Unit 2 - ANS A&P > Flashcards

Unit 2 - ANS A&P Flashcards

1
Q

makes up the CNS

A
  • spinal cord
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain
  • thalamus
  • cerebral hemisphere
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2
Q

included in cerebral hemisphere

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • subcortical white matter
  • basal nuclei
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3
Q

peripheral nervous system consists of:

A

spinal and cranial nerves (except CN2) present outside CNS

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4
Q

ultimate responsibility of ANS

A

ensure physiologic integrity of cells , tissues ,and organs througout the entire body despite challenges from external environment

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5
Q

ANS division that accounts for miosis and eye accommodation

A

PNS

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6
Q

3 divisions of the ANS

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
  3. Enteric divisions
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7
Q

which anatomic part of the nervous system is surrounded and covered by meninges?

A

central nervous system

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8
Q

which type of muscle does NOT receive ANS signals?

A

skeletal

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9
Q

ANS division responsible for artery tone

A

SNS

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10
Q

CV effects of SNS stimulation

A
  • increased cardiac force, rate, conduction, excitability
  • constriction and dilation of coronary arterioles
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11
Q

pulmonary effects of PNS

A

bronchial smooth muscle contraction

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12
Q

pulmonary effects of SNS stimulation

A

relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

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13
Q

eye effects of SNS stimulation

A
  • mydriasis (pupil dilation)
  • ciliary muscle relaxes (far vision)
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14
Q

peripheral neurotransmitters of autonomic efferents

A
  • ACh
  • NE
  • Epi
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15
Q

peripheral NT of somatomotor efferents

A

ACh

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16
Q

target organ(s) of somatomotor efferents

A

skeletal muscle

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17
Q

nerve fiber classification of preganglionic autonomic efferents

A

lightly myelinated B fibers

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18
Q

nerve fiber classfication of postganglionic autonomic efferents

A

nonmyelinated c fibers

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19
Q

nerve fiber classification of somatomotor efferents

A

heavily myelinated A-alpha fiber

moderately myelinated A-gamma fibers

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20
Q

control system of autonomic efferents

A
  • primarily unconscious, involuntary control
  • independent with hormonal control
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21
Q

control system of somatomotor efferents

A
  • primarily conscious, voluntary control
  • unrelated to hormonal control
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22
Q

neuron routes involved from spinal cord to target in somatic efferent pathways

A

1

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23
Q

neuron routes involved from spinal cord to target in ANS efferent pathways

A

2

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24
Q

schema for anatomic organization of ANS

A

origin → route to relay → relay → distribution → effector (target)

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25
Q

2 synonyms for efferent

A

motor, outflow

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26
Q

3 structures that comprise brainstem

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • midbrain
    (mesencephalon)
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27
Q

2 synonyms for afferent

A

sensory, inflow

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28
Q

pathway assoc. with short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers

A

SNS efferent pathways

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29
Q

SNS origin

A

preganglionic nerve cell body (soma)

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30
Q

characteristic feature of ANS

A

its efferents emerge as myelinated fibers from spinal cord or brain (CNS), are interrupted in course by synapse in a peripheral ganglion, and are then relayed for distribution as fine, nonmyelinated fibers to their effectors

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31
Q

nerve fiber classification of preganglionic neurons

A

lightly myelinated B fibers

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32
Q

nerve fiber classification of postganglionic neurons

A

unmyelinated C fibers

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33
Q

nerve fiber classification of A-alpha motor neurons

A

heavily myelinated, large fibers

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34
Q

nerve fiber classification of A-gamma motor neurons neurons

A

modestly myelinated, thinner fibers

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35
Q

where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons arise

A

thoracolumbar region
T1-L2

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36
Q

where are cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic fibers located

A

lateral hord of spinal cord grey matter, specifically within intermediate (IML) nucleus

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37
Q

where does the IML lie

A

Rexed’s lamina 7

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38
Q

where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons travel

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10 and sacral roots S2-S4

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39
Q

which division of the ANS is called the craniosacral system

A

parasympathetic

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40
Q

origin of the somatomotor division

A

ventral horn of the spinal cord

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41
Q

location of cell bodies of alpha and gamma motor neurons

A

Rexed’s laminae 8 and 9

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42
Q

where do axons of preganglionic SNS neurons leave the spinal cord

A

segmental level at which their cell bodies are located

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43
Q

what forms the white rami

A

preganglionic symapthetic axons exiting from ventral root

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44
Q

why are white rami white

A

preganglionic fibers are lightly myelinated B fibers and myelin imparts a white color

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45
Q

why are grey rami grey

A

axons are nonmyelinated - these areas contain nerve cell bodies, which are grey

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46
Q

where do white rami exist and why

A

only at T1-L3, where all preganglionic SNS fibers originate from

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47
Q

what is a nerve plexus

A

network of afferent and efferent nerve fibers from different spinal nerves

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48
Q

somatic nerve plexuses

A
  • cervical
  • brachial
  • lumbar
  • sacral
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49
Q

visceral nerve plexuses

A
  • cardiac
  • abdominal aortic
  • hypogastric
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50
Q

where are spinal levels gray rami found

A

all spinal cord levels

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51
Q

reflex characterized by increased HR in response to increased right atrial volume

example

A

Bainbridge

ex- autotransfusion during childbirth

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52
Q

enzyme that deactivates cAMP

A

phosphodiasterase

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53
Q

preganglionic fibers in SNS vs PNS

A

PNS
- preganglionic: long, myelinated, B-fiber, releases ACh
- postganglionic: short, unmyelinated, C-fiber, releases ACh

SNS
- pre: short, myelinated, B-fiber, releases ACh
- post: long, unmyelinated, C-fiber, releases NE

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54
Q

origin of efferent SNS pathways

A

T1-L3
cell bodies arise from IML region of spinal cord (rexed’s lamina 7)

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55
Q

where do efferent SNS fibers exit

A

ventral nerve roots

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56
Q

where do efferent SNS preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers

A

in paired sympathetic ganglia (mass effect)

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57
Q

origin of efferent PNS pathways

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10
S2-S4

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58
Q

where do preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in craniosacral division

A

near or in each effector organ (precise control of each organ)

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59
Q

innervation of adrenal medulla

A

no postganglionic innervation
preganglionic axon takes a straight shot to adrenal medulla

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60
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia pairs

A
  • 3 cervical (superior, middle, inferior)
  • thoracic 11-12
  • lumbar 3-5
  • sacral 3-5
  • single coccygeal
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61
Q

what is the stellate ganglion

A

combination of inferior cervical ganglion & T1 ganglion

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62
Q

only splanchnic nerves to carry PNS fibers

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

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63
Q

function of splanchnic nerves

A

deliver preganglionic SNS fibers to prevertebral delay ganglia and plexuses distribute postganglionic fibers

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64
Q

the intermediolateral nucleus lies within which of Rexed’s lamina

A

7

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65
Q

white rami are found only at spinal cord levels:

A

T1-L2/L3

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66
Q

which ganglia are sites for sympathetic synaptic relays

A

sympathetic chain ganglia & prevertebral ganglia

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67
Q

what is a ganglion

A

a peripheral collection of nerve cell bodies (soma)

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68
Q

3 thoracic splanchnic nerves

A
  1. greater
  2. lesser
  3. least
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69
Q

which plexus may be blocked for relief of pain due to chronic pancreatitis

A

celiac plexus

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70
Q

how do somatic sympathetic groups generally travel to effectors

A

via spinal nerves

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71
Q

where do preganglionic SNS neurons to adrenal medulla arise in spinal cord

A

IML T4-T12

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72
Q

where do ALL preganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from?

A

T1-L3

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73
Q

what is the largest sympathetic plexus

A

celiac

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74
Q

ganglia that are sites for sympathetic synaptic relays

A

sympathetic chain ganglia
prevertebral ganglia

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75
Q

ganglion of spinal segment T1-2

A

superior cervical

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76
Q

provides SNS innervation to colon, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

A

lumbar sphanchnic nerves

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77
Q

what do postganglinoic axons of lesser splanchnic nerves innervate

A

GI tract, kidneys, bladder, reproductive organs

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78
Q

where do postganglionic fibers from cervical ganglia distribute

A

structures in head, neck, heart, lungs

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79
Q

what forms the greater splanchnic nerve

A

a group of visceral SNS preganglinoic nerves from T5-T9/10 that traverse the sympathetic trunk ganglia

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80
Q

function of greater splanchnic nerve

A

synaptic relays in the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia

from there, postganglionic fibers are distributed to upper GI via prevertebral plexuses

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81
Q

plexus with distribution to smooth muscle of esophagus

A

cardiac plexus

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82
Q

plexus with distribution of postganglionic sympathetic fibers to sigmoid colon

A

aortic & hypogastric

83
Q

plexus with distribution of postganglionic sympathetic fibers to liver & gallbladder

A

celiac plexus

84
Q

plexus with distribution to cardiac tissues

A

cardiac plexus

85
Q

largest sympathetic plexus

86
Q

plexus that lies at L1

87
Q

plexus with distribution of postganglionic sympathetic fibers to reproductive organs

A

hypogastric plexus

88
Q

another name for stellate ganglion

A

cervicothoracic ganglion

89
Q

cranial nerves with PNS components

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10

90
Q

somatic efferents of oculmotor nerve

A

motor supply to certain extraocular skeletal muscles (levator palpebrae superioris, superior/medial/inferior rectus, inferior oblique

91
Q

visceral (PNS) efferents of oculomotor nerve

A

innervate specific intraocular muscles (pupillary sphincter, ciliary muscle)

92
Q

PNS component of facial nerve

A

Carries PNS efferent innervation to submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands

93
Q

main sensory component of CN 7

A

facial nerve
carries taste from anterior 2/3 tongue via chorda tympani

94
Q

motor components of CN 9

A

1) visceral efferents to pharyngeal constrictor skeletal muscles
2) visceral effects – PNS fibers – to parotid glands

95
Q

sensory components of CN 9

A

1) somatosensory supplies to posterior 1/3 tongue, soft palate, pharyngeal mucosa, tonsils, eustachian tube, tympanic membrane, external ear
2) special visceral afferents from taste buds to posterior 1/3 tongue
3) general visceral efferents from carotid bodies and carotid sinus

96
Q

supplies about 75% of PNS outflow to the body

97
Q

motor components of CN 10

A

1) visceral efferents to pharyngeal skeletal muscles, skeletal muscles of soft palate, and all laryngeal muscles
2) visceral efferents (PNS fibers) to thoracic & abdominal viscera

98
Q

sensory components of CN 9

A

1) modest somatosensory supply to ear, dura of posterior fossa
2) special visceral afferents from tastebuds on the epiglottis
3) transmitting sensations from pharynx, larynx, barorecepors, chemoreceptors, thoracic & abdominal viscera

99
Q

Origin of vagal efferents

A

nucleus ambiguous & dorsal motor nucleus

100
Q

PNS outflow arises from spinal cord levels:

101
Q

list the 4 relay ganglia for CN sympathetic pathways

A

ciliary (CN 3)
pterygopalatine (CN 7)
submandibular (CN 7)
otic (CN 9)

102
Q

postganglinoic PNS fibers of CN 7 & 9 reach targest by hitchhiking on branches of which nerve?

103
Q

5 nerve plexuses that distribute PNS fibers to viscera

A

pharyngeal
cardiac
pulmonary
esophageal
celiac

104
Q

which CN is superior salivatory nucleus assoc with

105
Q

CN associated with inferior salivatory nucleus

106
Q

2 routes preganglionic fibers originating in superior salivatory nucleus can take

A
  1. to pterygopalatine ganglion - petroal nerve = pterygopalatine relay ganglion
  2. leave via facial n. in chorda tympani branch - joins lingual n. - submandibular ganglion
107
Q

how do preganglionic fibers originating in inferior salivatory nucleus leave brainstem

108
Q

most CNS neurons are multipolar are unipolar?

A

multipolar

109
Q

where do cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons lie?

110
Q

where do sympathetic efferent pathways start and end

A

start: CNS
end: effector (target) organs

111
Q

where do visceral afferent pathways start and end

A

start: organs
end: CNS

112
Q

what classification of nerve fibers are visceral afferents

A

A delta and C

113
Q

visceral afferents from the heart travel in the vagus nerve to the:

A

NTS (nucleus tractus solitarius)

114
Q

cell bodies of sympathetic afferent fibers are in the:

A

dorsal root ganglia

115
Q

cell bodies of sympathetic afferent fibers are in the:

A

dorsal root ganglia

116
Q

which CN with PNS components does NOT transmit sensory information

117
Q

noxioius visceral sensations generally travel in which division of ANS?

A

sympathetic

118
Q

receptors that mediate majority of PNS physiologic effects

119
Q

muscarinic receptors in PNS division

A

M1, M2, M3

120
Q

muscarinic receptor assoc. with cerebral vasoconstriction

121
Q

muscarinic receptor found in heart

122
Q

muscarinic receptor assoc with bronchoconstriction

123
Q

signal transduction of M2 & M4 receptors

124
Q

effectors of M2 & M4 receptors

A

inhibit adenylate cyclase

125
Q

signal transduction of M1, M3, and M5

126
Q

effector of M1, M3, and M5

A

PLC activation (Gq)

127
Q

location of N-N receptors

A

autonomic ganglia
adrenal medulla

128
Q

muscarinic receptors that cause cerebral vasodilation

129
Q

muscarinic receptors assoc with increased insulin secretion

130
Q

location of M1 receptors

A

autonomic ganglia
glands

131
Q

location of N-N receptors

A

Autonomic ganglia
Adrenal medulla

132
Q

location of M2 receptors

A

Heart
Smooth muscle
ANS nerve terminals

133
Q

location of M3 receptors

A

Smooth muscle
Glands

134
Q

muscarinic receptors assoc with increased Na+ permeability

135
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of ACh

A

ChAT - choline acetyltransferase

136
Q

another name for en passant synapses

A

neuroeffector junctions

137
Q

what is stored in postganglionic terminal varicosities

A

neurotransmitters

138
Q

signal transduction of alpha 1 receptors

139
Q

alpha 1 receptor effectors

A

activates PLC

140
Q

signal transduction of alpha 2 receptors

141
Q

effectors of alpha 2 receptors

A

inhibit AC
Calcium, K channels

142
Q

signal transduction of beta receptors

143
Q

effectors of beta receptors

A

stimulates AC
calcium channels

144
Q

alpha receptor assoc. with vasoconstriction of aorta and coronaries

145
Q

alpha receptors assoc with cardiac growth & remodeling

146
Q

alpha receptors in blood vessels, heart, lung, liver, smooth muscles, vas deferens, prostate

147
Q

molecular/cellular response of alpha 1 receptors

A

• Coupled to Gq to activate PLC = ↑ IP3/DAG
• Modulate K+ channels
• ↑ Na+/H+ exchanged

148
Q

adrenergic receptor with central components of baroreceptor reflex

149
Q

molecular response of alpha 2A receptors

A

Coupled to Gi to inhibit AC = ↓ cAMP, PKA

150
Q

predominant receptor for 2 mediated vasoconstriction

151
Q

location of alpha 2 C receptors

A

presynaptic sympathetic nerve terminals

152
Q

adrenergic receptor assoc with decreasd NT release from adrena medulla

153
Q

adrenergic receptor that activates L type calcium channels

154
Q

adrenergic receptor assoc with lipolysis in adipocytes & thermogenesis

155
Q

adrenergic receptor assoc with skeletal muscle glycogenolysis & hypertrophy

156
Q

adrenergic receptor responsible for melatonin synthesis

157
Q

SNS neurotransmission with postganglionic cholinergic fibers

A

exocrine glands

158
Q

ACh released from postganglionic SNS to exocrine glands mainly binds to what receptor

159
Q

how do sweat glands release sweat

A

exocytosis

160
Q

co-released with NE from postganglionic fibers to decrease amount of NE released

A

NPY (neuropeptide Y)

161
Q

co-localized with ACh in preganglionic neurons to regulate SNS activity at ganglia

162
Q

co-released with NE for SNS stim of vascular smooth muscle

163
Q

adrenergic receptor assoc with decreased preganglionic NE release

164
Q

adrenergic receptor assoc with decreased preganglinoic ACh release

165
Q

adrenergic receptor assoc with increased renin release

166
Q

intraocular muscle contraction that causes mydriasis

A

radial muscle

167
Q

intraocular muscle contraction that causes miosis

A

spincter pupillae (circular) muscle

168
Q

3 typical features of horners syndrome

A
  1. miosis
  2. partial ptosis
  3. ipsilateral anhidrosis
169
Q

what causes miosis in horners syndrome

A

paralysis of dilator pupillae muscle

170
Q

what causes ptosis in horners syndrome

A
  • paralysis of superior tarsal muscle of levator palaprae superior
  • ascending SNS outflow blockade at stellate ganglion
171
Q

what causes ipsilateral anhidrosis in horners syndrome

A

absence of sweating d.t absence of innervation to sweat glands

172
Q

innervates orbitalis muscle

A

superior cervical ganglion (SNS fibers)

173
Q

cardioaccelerator nerves

174
Q

complementary SNS & PNS innervation in salivary glands

A
  • SNS = NE acts on alpha 1 and beta = thick secretions
  • PNS = CN 7 & 9 = copious watery secretions via ACh acting on M3
175
Q

PNS only innervation

A

lacrimal glands, ciliary muscle (near vision accommodation), nasopharyngeal glands

176
Q

SNS only innervation

A

adrenal medulla, most blood vessels, erector pili, gallbladder, kidney, exocrine sweat glands

177
Q

most important integrator of ANS & endocrine function

A

hypothalamus

178
Q

most important factors controlled by brainstem

A

arterial pressure, HR, resp control

179
Q

major lower brainstem command center for visceral control

A

NTS in brainstem

180
Q

greatest concentration of autonomic centers

A

hypothalamus

181
Q

mediates interactions between limbic system and brainstem

A

hypothalamus

182
Q

major lower brainstem control center for visceral control

183
Q

ANS influences all tissues EXCEPT:

A

skeletal muscle tissues

183
Q

ANS influences all tissues EXCEPT:

A

skeletal muscle tissues

184
Q

1st line defense against arterial BP changes

A

baroreceptor reflex

185
Q

procedures that affect baroreceptor reflex

A

CEA
mediastinoscopy

186
Q

what indicates that baroreceptor reflex is preserved

A

heart rate increases with hypotension or decreases with HTN

187
Q

what is the bainbridge reflex

A

tachycardia r/t increased venous return

188
Q

reflex that prevents damming or sludging of veins, atria, and pulm circulation

A

bainbridge

189
Q

counterbalance to baroreceptor reflex

A

bainbridge

190
Q

cardioinhibitory reflex

A

Bezhold-Jarisch

191
Q

triad of bezhold jarisch reflex

A

Bradycardia, hypotension, & coronary dilation

192
Q

↓ HR & BP during spinal epidural attributed to what reflex

A

Bezhold-Jarisch

193
Q

strongest drive at peripheral chemoreceptors

194
Q

what causes vasovagal syncope

A
  • transient decreased perfusion to the brain
  • massive PNS stimulation, abolition of SNS tone
195
Q

effector response of oculocardiac reflex

A

decreased activity of SA and AV nodes

196
Q

Reflex that fatigues with subsequent occurrences

A

oculocardiac

197
Q

what is the CNS ischemic reflex

A

blood flow to medullary vasomotor center decreases enough to cause cerebral ischemia
massive SNS activation = vasoconstriction and increased BP

198
Q

one of the most powerful of all activators of SNS vasoconstriction

A

CNS ischemic reflex

199
Q

when does CNS ischemic reflex response become signifncant

200
Q

greatest degree of CNS ischemic reflex stimulation

201
Q

control center for thermoregulatory reflexes

A

hypothalamus

202
Q

how is nonshivering thermogenesis in newborns & infants modulated

A

by NE from adrenergic nerve terminals

203
Q

what is the mass reflex

A

simultaneous excitation of all segmental spinal reflexes
(autonomic hyperreflexia)

APEX (54 decks)

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