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GCSE Biology > Unit 2: 5 - Simple inheritance > Flashcards

Unit 2: 5 - Simple inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is cell division necessary?

A

For growth or cell repair.

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2
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A division process resulting in 2 identical cells.

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3
Q

What are alleles?

A

Each of 2 or more alternate genes for one characteristic.

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4
Q

What happens to chromosomes during mitosis?

A

They duplicate, and the new copy goes in the newly formed cell.

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5
Q

What are unspecialised cells?

A

Stem cells

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6
Q

When does stem cell differentiation occur in animals?

A

During early stages of development (in humans, as an embryo)

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7
Q

When does stem cell differentiation occur in plants?

A

Anytime throughout their lives.

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8
Q

Cells of offspring are produced by _____ during asexual reproduction.

A

Mitosis

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9
Q

Cells of offspring are produced by _____ during sexual reproduction.

A

Meiosis

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10
Q

What is meiosis?

A

When cells divide to become gametes (sperm and ova in humans)

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11
Q

What is the difference between gametes and normal cells?

A

Gametes have only one chromosome from each pair that normal cells have.

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12
Q

Describe the processes of meiosis.

A
  1. A copy of each chromosome is made.
  2. The cell now divides twice to form 4 gametes
  3. Each gamete has a single set of chromosomes with a different combination of genes.
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13
Q

Where are stem cells found in a human?

A

In an embryo or in adult bone marrow.

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14
Q

What cells do bone marrow stem cells become?

A

Often blood cells.

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15
Q

What medical uses could stem cells have?

A

Regrowing nerve cells to treat conditions like paralysis.

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16
Q

Who was the first person to suggest the idea of separately inherited ‘factors’?

A

Gregor Mendel.

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17
Q

Why were Mendel’s ideas not accepted?

A

Because scientists didn’t know about genes and Mendel was not in an academic position; he was a monk.

18
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA, a long double helix molecule.

19
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

20
Q

What is a DNA fingerprint?

A

A unique DNA structure (apart from in identical twins) can be used to identify any individual.

21
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do human beings have?

A

23

22
Q

What do we call an allele that is shown in the characteristics of an organism? (If there is only 1)

A

A dominant allele

23
Q

What do we call an allele that is ‘hidden’ and is not made evident? (If there is only 1)

A

A recessive allele

24
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

When both alleles are the same (DD)

25
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

When both alleles are different (Dd)

26
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

The physical appearance of the charatceristic (e.g. dimples or no dimples)

27
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The genetic make up - which alleles does the individual inherit? DD, Dd or dd.

28
Q

What is a genetic disorder?

A

A disorder that is carried in the genes and passed down through generations.

29
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

A genetic disorder where a baby is born with extra fingers or toes.

30
Q

What type of allele is polydactyly?

A

Dominant

31
Q

How many parents are needed to pass down a dominant allele?

A

1

32
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A genetic disorder that affects the cell membranes and causes the production of a thick mucus that affects organs like the lungs and gut.

33
Q

What type of allele is cystic fibrosis?

A

Recessive

34
Q

How many parents are needed to create a child with a disorder which is recessive?

A

2

35
Q

How does a child develop cystic fibrosis?

A

By having a recessive allele from each parent

36
Q

What do we call someone who has a recessive gene for a disorder but does not have the disorder?

A

A carrier

37
Q

What is the chance of a parent who is heterozygous for polydactyly for passing it on to the child?

A

50%

38
Q

If both parents are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis, what is the chance of passing it on to the child?

A

25%

39
Q

How can we show the possible outcomes of genetic crosses?

A

Through a Punnet square

40
Q

What is the main ethical problem with embryo screening?

A

Many parents would want to choose a baby which does not have cystic fibrosis, which would discriminate over those who do,a swell as waste life.

41
Q

What is a problem with using embryonic stem cells?

A

The embryos are destroyed in the process.

GCSE Biology (15 decks)

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