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Large Animal Anatomy > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

ankylosis of temporohyoid joint causes

A

temporal bone fracture to occur

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2
Q

what is the cause of fusion of temporohyoid

A

not clear

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3
Q

what are the clinical signs of fusion of the temporohyoid fusion (ankylosis)

A

difficulty chewing
pain
facial and/or vestibular nerve dysfunction

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4
Q

what animals does ankylosis of temporohyoid occur in

A

adult horses (although has been reported in a 1 year old)

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5
Q

in temporohyoid ankylosis, you have marked enlargement of _____

A

stylohyoid bone

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6
Q

what is the treatment of temporohyoid ankylosis

A

surgical partial stylohyoidectomy; ceratohyoidectomy

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7
Q

in surgical repair of temporohyoid ankylosis, where is the incision made

A

ventral throat latch area

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8
Q

what structures are subject to damage during surgical repair of temporohyoid ankylosis

A

hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery

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9
Q

what are paranasal sinuses

A

diverticula of nasal cavity

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10
Q

how are paranasal sinuses formed

A

during development, spaces in bone hollow out the bone; creating inner and outer plates of bone

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11
Q

sinuses continue to develop as skull matures; development is completed _______

A

postnatally

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12
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses filled with

A

air; surfaces lined with mucosae

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13
Q

paranasal sinus communication of the horse

A

all sinuses communicate with nasal cavity either directly or indirectly through the middle nasal meatus

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14
Q

paranasal sinus communication of the ruminant

A

paransal sinuses communicate with nasal cavity directly or indirectly through the middle nasal meatus or the sinuses communicate with ethomoid meatuses in the caudal nasal cavity

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15
Q

openings into and out of the sinuses

A

narrow and easily blocked (fluid no longer can pass out of the sinus)

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16
Q

sinuses are susceptible to infection from what sources

A

from nasal cavity

from alveolar spaces (teeth)

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17
Q

what are the possible functions of the paranasal sinuses

A
  1. enlarge skull areas available for muscular attachment and to make room for large teeth without increasing weight of head
  2. thermal and mechanical protection
  3. moisten air
  4. affect resonance of the voice
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18
Q

what paransal sinuses does the dog have

A

frontal and maxillary

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19
Q

what paranasal sinuses does the horse have

A 
frontal
maxillary
palatine
sphenoid
conchal
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20
Q

what paranasal sinuses does the ox have

A 
frontal
maxillary
lacrimal
palatine (large)
sphenoid
conchal
*same in ruminants, but smaller palatine*
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21
Q

where is the frontal sinus located in the horse

A

between internal and external plates of frontal bone

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22
Q

frontal sinus of the horse is separated into what

A

right and left sinuses by a bony median septum

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23
Q

what are the rostral extensions of the frontal sinus in the horse

A

from level of temporomandibular joint to beyond the orbit;

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24
Q

what are the lateral extensions of the frontal sinus in the horse

A

into zygomatic process of frontal bone

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25
Q

frontal sinus is continous rostromedially with ________

A

dorsal conchal sinus (together called the conchofrontal sinus)

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26
Q

is there an opening of conchofrontal sinus into nasal cavity

A

no direct opening into nasal cavity

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27
Q

frontal sinus communicates with the caudal maxillary sinus via the

A

frontomaxillary opening

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28
Q

where is the frontomaxillary opening in the horse located

A

between the medial angle of the eye and the median plane

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29
Q

what is the caudal surgical boundary (horse) of the conchofrontal sinus

A

transverse plan through zygomatic process of frontal bone

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30
Q

what is the rostral surgical boundary (horse) of the conchofrontal sinus

A

transverse plane midway between rostral margin of the orbit and infraorbital foramen

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31
Q

what is the medial surgical boundary (horse) of the conchofrontal sinus

A

line 2 cm lateral and parallel to the dorsal midline

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32
Q

what is the lateral surgical boundary of the conchofrontal sinus (horse)

A

line connecting supraorbital foramen with rostral end of medial limit

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33
Q

what is the largest sinus in the horse

A

maxillary

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34
Q

maxillary sinus of the horse is divided into what parts

A

rostral and caudal sinuses (no communication between the two)

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35
Q

caudal maxillary sinus extends caudally to _____

A

medial side of orbit

36
Q

rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses are separated by ______

A

“oblique” osseous septum; located ~5 cm caudal to rostral extend of facial crest

37
Q

what causes an upward bulge of ventral floor of the maxillary sinus to an extend that varies with age

A

some cheek teeth

38
Q

teeth are covered by

A

thin plate of bone that separates teeth roots from maxillary sinus space

39
Q

in the foal, the maxillary sinus is largely occupied by the

A

developing teeth; sinus is located dorsal to facial crest

40
Q

teeth move ____somewhat with age

A

rostrally

41
Q

as the skull matures, the sunus extends _____ as the teeth erupt and the roots move more _____

A

ventrally; ventrallly

42
Q

rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses communicate with the middle nasal meatus via the

A

nasomaxillary opening

43
Q

rostral maxillary sinus of the horse communicates medially with the

A

ventral conchal sinus over the infraorbital canal

44
Q

caudal maxillary sinus is divided by _____ into medial and lateral parts (just call both caudal max. sinus)

A

infraorbital canal

45
Q

caudal maxillary sinus communicates with the frontal sinus via the

A

frontomaxillary opening

46
Q

caudal maxillary sinus communcates with middle nasal meatus via the

A

nasomaxillary opening

47
Q

caudal maxillary sinus also communicates with

A

sphenopalatine sinus and middle conchal sinus

48
Q

what is the caudal surgical boundary (horse) of the maxillary sinus

A

rostral border of the orbit

49
Q

what is the rostral boundary of the of the maxillary sinus (horse)

A

line from the rostral end of the facial crest to the infraorbital foramen

50
Q

what is the ventral boundary of the maxillary sinus in the horse

A

facial crest

51
Q

what is the dorsal boundary of the maxillary sinus in the horse

A

line from infraorbital foramen parallel to the facial crest

52
Q

when performing surgery on maxillary sinus, avoid damaging the ______

A

nasolacrimal duct

53
Q

what is the very large sinus in the ox

A

frontal sinus

54
Q

what is the rostral limit of the frontal sinus of ox

A

transverse plane through rostral margins of orbits

55
Q

frontal sinus involves most of _____

A

frontal bone

56
Q

frontal sinus left and right halves are completely separeted by _____ in the ox

A

median septum

57
Q

what are the two compartments of the frontal sinus of the ox

A

large caudal frontal sinus and 2 or 3 rostral frontal sinuses

58
Q

each compartment opens separately and directly into the

A

caudal middle nasal meatus, through an ethmoidal meatus

59
Q

nuchal diverticulum of ox

A

in caudal wall of the skull

60
Q

postorbital diverticulum of ox

A

caudal to the orbit

61
Q

cornual diverticulum of ox

A

within the cornual process

62
Q

trephination of caudal frontal sinus of ox

A

place hole at a transverse line through the caudal border of the orbits and approximately 2-3 cm (1.4 inches) away from midline) avoid frontal vein*

63
Q

trephination of diverticulae of the caudal frontal sinus

A

nuchal diverticulum

postorbital diverticulum

64
Q

trephination of diverticulae of the rosral forntal sinus

A

rosrolateral part

rostromedial part

65
Q

is the maxillary sinus in the ox divided?

A

no

66
Q

maxillary sinus in ox extends rostral to level of

A

facial tuberosity

67
Q

what is the caudal extend of the maxillary sinus

A

lacrimal bulla

68
Q

what are immediately ventral to the maxillary sinus

A

3rd or 4th cheek teeth roots are covered by thin plate of bone

69
Q

maxillary sinus communicates freely with _____ in ox

A

palatine sinus over the infraorbital canal

70
Q

communicates with the middle nasal meatus via

A

large nasomaxillary opening

71
Q

trephination of maxillary sinus in ox over one year of age

A

trephine just dorsal and caudal to the facial tuberosity

72
Q

trephination of maxillary sinus in ox under one year of age

A

approximately one inch farther dorsally than the previous site; sinus is not extensive

73
Q

palatine sinus of ox excavation in

A

hard palate

74
Q

palatine sinus communicates with the _____ sinus

A

maxillary sinus over the infraorbital canal

75
Q

palatine sinus of ox also communcates with

A

middle nasal meatus

76
Q

lateral compartment of frontal sinus in sheep and goats

A

large and more caudal

77
Q

frontal sinus is more extensive in _____ breeds

A

horned; may extend into cornual process

78
Q

medial compartment of frontal sinus in goat and sheep

A

small (1 or 2 parts)

79
Q

maxillary sinus in sheep and goat is divided by

A

infraorbital canal into medial and lateral chambers

80
Q

which chamber is largeR?

A

lateral chamber

81
Q

lateral chamber extends caudally into the

A

lacrimal bulla

82
Q

medial chamber of maxillary sinus of sheep and goat is conitnous with

A

palatine sinus

83
Q

frontal sinus of pigs surrounds what

A

cranial cavity (dorsally, laterally, caudally)

84
Q

brain lies _____ below the skin protected by the two plates of bone

A

5 cm

85
Q

pigs cannot be reliably stunned

A

humane slaughter requires use of electrocution or CO2
Shooting at intersection of diagonal lines connecting eyes with bases of opposite ears; or through occipital bone from behind

Large Animal Anatomy (14 decks)

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