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Large Animal Anatomy > Exam 4 Week 14 Avian > Flashcards

Exam 4 Week 14 Avian Flashcards

1
Q

bird bones are adapted for

A

flight

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2
Q

bone characteristics

A

light, compact, strong

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3
Q

______ of certain bones

A

pneumatization

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4
Q

bone servs as ____ reserve for shell production

A

calcium

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5
Q

extra ____ bone is formed before the laying season

A

medullary

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6
Q

birds have large orbits that are incomplete _______

A

ventrally

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7
Q

what is between orbits

A

interorbital septum

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8
Q

nasal septum is partly

A

cartilaginous and partly membranous

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9
Q

mandible is ______

A

thin

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10
Q

are skull bones pneumatized?

A

some are

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11
Q

skull sutures fuse when?

A

soon after hatching

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12
Q

number of cervical vertebrae

A

variable (8-25); usually 16 or 17 in chickens

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13
Q

number of thoracic vertebrae

A

3-10

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14
Q

atlas articulates with

A

one occipital condyle

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15
Q

cervical vertebrae have

A

vestiges of ribs (except atlas)

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16
Q

last 2 cervical vertebra have

A

floating ribs

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17
Q

firsth thoracic vertebrae is defined as

A

the first vertebra to have ribs attached to sternum

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18
Q

in many bird species, cranial thoracic vertebrae are _______

A

fused

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19
Q

fused thoracic vertebrae called

A

notarium

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20
Q

last ____ can fuse with thoracic vertebrae in notarium

A

cervical vertebrae

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21
Q

notarium followed by

A

single “free” thoracic vertebrae

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22
Q

last thoracic vertebra fuses with

A

lumbar, sacral, and first several caudal vertebrae

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23
Q

this forms the

A

synsacrum

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24
Q

synsacrum fuses extensively with what part of pelvis

A

ilium

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25
Q

there are ____ free caudal vertebra

A

about 6

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26
Q

last 5-6 caudal vertebrae fuse to form the

A

pygostyle

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27
Q

scapla

A

long, thin;

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28
Q

scapula articulates with

A

calvicle and coracoid

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29
Q

triosseal canal is formed by

A

three bones

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30
Q

furcula

A

left and right clavicles join ventrally (wishbone)

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31
Q

scapula attaches to ___ via ligaments and muscles

A

ribs

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32
Q

coracoid

A

large; articulates with the sternum

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33
Q

is the ulna or radius larger?

A

ulna

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34
Q

how many carpals does the bird have

A

2 free carpals

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35
Q

distal carpals fuse with

A

metacarpals to form the carpometacarpus

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36
Q

most bird species have ___ digits

A

3 (digits II, III, IV)

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37
Q

phalanges are

A

reduced in number

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38
Q

some birds have ___ digit

A

1

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39
Q

a few bird species have ____ on digits

A

claws

40
Q

pelvic bones include

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

41
Q

in most birds, does the pelvis fuse ventrally

A

no

42
Q

large flightless birds have either fused ____ or fused ____

A

pubis or ischium

43
Q

femur

A

typical ball and socket joint has additional trochanteric joint with ilium

44
Q

tibiotarsus

A

proximal tarsal bones fused with distal tibia

45
Q

fibula

A

greatly reduced distally; forms a sharp point distaly

46
Q

tarsometatarsus

A

distal tarsal bones fused with 3 main metatarsal bones (also fused)

47
Q

many bird species have ___ digits

A

4, with varying numbers of phalanges

48
Q

first digit usually projects,

A

caudally

49
Q

digits vary greatly depending on

A

needs of the species (swimming, climbin, hunting, scratching, walking/running etc.)

50
Q

feathers are produced from

A

feather follicles

51
Q

what are the 3 types of feathers

A

contour
bristle
down

52
Q

biggest, outer feathers used for flight are the

A

contour feathers

53
Q

contour feather components

A

vane, main shaft, quill

54
Q

vane has

A

barbs and barbules

55
Q

single shaft feathers primarily onthe head and neck (look like stiff hairs) are

A

bristle feathers

56
Q

bristle feather follicles are

A

highly innervated follicles

57
Q

do bristle feathers have barbs

A

no

58
Q

sometimes down feathers are called

A

plumules

59
Q

down feather characteristics

A

short to no main shaft and barbs usually form a tuft

barbs dont have barbules

60
Q

natal feathers of newly hatch chicken are

A

down feathers

61
Q

dermis is

A

thick and highly vascular

62
Q

skin is

A

thin

63
Q

skin outgrowths aid in

A

temperature regulation and cooling

64
Q

roosters and hens have

A

combs, wattles, and ear lobes

65
Q

pectoral muscles are

A

large powerful breast muscle

66
Q

pectoral muscles provide

A

downstroke of wings

67
Q

attachments of pectoral muscles

A

keel of sternum; calvicle

ventral surface of proximal humerus

68
Q

supracoracoideus muscle provides

A

upstroke

69
Q

attachments of supracoracoideus muscle

A

sternum; clavicle; dorsal surface of proximal humerus; tendon passes thorught eh triosseal canal

70
Q

oropharynx is the space from ____ to _____

A

beak to esophagus

71
Q

choana

A

slit in roof of oropharynx opens to nasal cavity

72
Q

caudal to choana is the

A

infundibular cleft

73
Q

what is the infundibular cleft

A

common opening for left and right auditory tubes

74
Q

caudal to tongue is

A

a central raised area called the laryngeal mound

75
Q

laryngeal mound is the site of teh

A

larynx

76
Q

laryngeal mound opening is the

A

glottis

77
Q

glottis leads to the

A

trachea

78
Q

voice production is via the

A

syrinx

79
Q

how many heart chambers are there

A

4

80
Q

heart lies in front of

A

lobes of liver

81
Q

does the bird have a diaphragm

A

no

82
Q

fibrous pericardium is attached to the

A

sternum

83
Q

fibrous pericardium is attached to the

A

sternum

84
Q

fertilization occurs in the

A

infundibulum

85
Q

magnum

A

1/2 of albumin deposited

86
Q

istmus

A

more albumen and shell membrane deposited

87
Q

uterus

A

watery albumen and shell deposited

88
Q

vagina

A

short tube to cloaca

89
Q

which side of reproductive tract develops

A

left

90
Q

read dyce for male repro

A

x

91
Q

kidneys lie against the

A

synsacrum

92
Q

kidneys contact ____ cranially

A

lungs

93
Q

kidneys are divided into

A

cranial, middle and caudal divisions

94
Q

are cortex and medulla divided?

A

not clearly

95
Q

renal pelvis?

A

no

96
Q

ureter stars at

A

Cranial division; extends caudally, receiving branches from middle and caudal divisions

97
Q

review histology notes from avian respiratory system

A

x

Large Animal Anatomy (14 decks)

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