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Large Animal Anatomy > Exam 2 Head > Flashcards

Exam 2 Head Flashcards

1
Q

What nerves provide moor innervation to muscles of lips and nose in the horse?

A

dorsal and ventral buccal branches of facial nerve

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2
Q

what considerations for the buccal branches do you have to make during anesthesia?

A

in lateral recumbancy, the buccal branches must be protected from the halter and hard surfaces; damage can result in facial paralysis

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3
Q

what are other branches of the facial nerves

A

transverse facial and auriculopalpebral

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4
Q

facial motor provides innervation to what in ox

A

muscles of lips and nose

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5
Q

what run under the ventral border of the mandible in the ox

A

facial artery, ,facial vein, parotid duct and ventral buccal branch

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6
Q

what runs along the ventral border of the mandible in small ruminants

A

facial vein (no facial artery in SR)

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7
Q

What artery supplies the face in small ruminants since it lacks a facial artery

A

transverse facial artery

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8
Q

where do parotid duct and ventral buccal branch run in small ruminants?

A

ventral border of the massetter

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9
Q

what structures run ventral to mandible in the horse

A

facial artery, facial vein, and parotid duct

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10
Q

location of cornual nerve in the ox

A

just ventral to the temporal line (with artery and vein)

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11
Q

cornual nerve supplies sensory innervation to

A

the horn

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12
Q

where is the cornual nerve blocked in the ox and small ruminant?

A

midway between the lateral canthus of the eye and base of the horn; just ventral to the temporal line

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13
Q

what nerves supply sensory innervation to the horn in the caprine?

A

cornual nerve and cornual branch of infratrochlear nerve

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14
Q

where is the cornual nerve blocked?

A

blocked midway between the medial canthus of the eye and base of the horn

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15
Q

equine nostril lateral side is composed of

A

skin, muscle, CCT

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16
Q

medial side of equine nostril is composed of

A

cartilaginous base

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17
Q

medial cartilage is composed of several cartilages including

A

lamina of alar cartilage and cornu of alar cartilage

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18
Q

lamina of alar cartilage location

A

dorsal

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19
Q

cornu of alar cartilage location

A

ventral

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20
Q

what is the alar fold in the equine?

A

mucous membrane fold continuous rostrally with skin covering lamina of alar cartilage and caudally with ventral nasal concha

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21
Q

what is the nasal diverticulum of the equine

A

blind pocket dorsal to alar fold

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22
Q

where is the nasolacrimal dct orifice located?

A

on floor of nasal vestibule

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23
Q

ox nose and nosrils are covered by

A

planum nasolabiale; highly keratinized region between nostrils and extending to the upper lip

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24
Q

small ruminants nose and nostrils are covered by

A

planum nasale

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25
Q

what is the philtrum

A

the grove separating right and left superior labii

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26
Q

what are the parts of the nasal septum

A

membranous part
cartilaginous part
osseous part

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27
Q

equine dorsal nasal concha

A

from cribiform plate to first cheek tooth

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28
Q

straight fold

A

extends from dorsalnasal concha to nostril

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29
Q

ventral nasal concha is composed of what two parts

A

alar fold and basal fold

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30
Q

alar fold

A

runs from ventral nasal concha to lamina of alar cartilage

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31
Q

basale fold

A

extends rostrally from ventral nasal concha

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32
Q

middle nasal/ethmoid concha

A

located caudodorsal nasal cavity

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33
Q

where are ethmoidal meatuses located

A

between ethmoturbinates

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34
Q

what is the location of nasomaxillary opening that communicates with the maxillary sinus?

A

middle nasal meatus

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35
Q

what is the location of the common nasal meatus

A

between nasal septum and conchae

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36
Q

where is the equine nasopharynx located

A

between nasal cavity and laryngopharynx

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37
Q

what is the rostral boundary of equine nasopharynx

A

choana

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38
Q

what is the caudal boundary of the eqine nasopharynx formed by

A

palatopharyngeal arch and free border of soft palate (intrapharyngeal ostium)

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39
Q

where is the pharyngeal opening of auditory tube

A

in equine nasopharynx

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40
Q

what is the pharyngeal septum in ruminants

A

prolongs nasal septum to dorsal wall of nasopharynx

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41
Q

where is the pharyngeal tonsil located in the ruminant

A

caudal end of pharyngeal septum

42
Q

ruminants have tonsils where?

A

in oropharynx and nasopharynx

43
Q

the auditory tube connects what?

A

the middle ear cavity to nasopharynx to equalize air pressure on each side of the eardrum

44
Q

what is the guttural pouch?

A

the ventral diverticulum of the auditory tube (mucosa that extends ventrally)

45
Q

auditory tube connects the guttural pouch to the

A

nasopharynx

46
Q

auditory tube is supported by

A

bone caudally and by an incomplete cartilaginous tube rostrally.

47
Q

guttural pouch is “draped” over the ______ forming ______

A

stylohyoid bone; medial and lateral compartments

48
Q

which compartment is larger and more caudal

A

medial

49
Q

pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube is open during what

A

expiration and swallowing

50
Q

what is the plica salpingopharyngea

A

the mucosal fold attached to the lateral wall of pharynx and medial wall of auditory tube; located ventrally

51
Q

ventrally, the medial compartment of the guttural pouch contacts the _______

A

medial retropharyngeal lns.

52
Q

medial compartment of the guttural pouch also contacts (more likely to be damaged with guttural pouch pathology)

A 
internal carotid artery
glossopharyngeal n.
vagus n.
accessory n.
hypoglossal n.
cranial cervical ganglion
sympathetic trunk
53
Q

the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch has the _____ running along its lateral surface

A

facial nerve

54
Q

what are the less common structures involved in guttural pouch pathology

A

facial n.
hypoglossal n
external carotid a.

55
Q

what are the surgical approaches to the guttural pouch

A

hyovertebrotomy incision
viborg’s triangle
modified whitehouse incision
whitehouse incision

56
Q

what are the surgical landmarks for the viborgs triangle?

A

linguofacial vein (ventral)
sternocephalicus (caudal)
caudle border of mandible (rostral)

57
Q

functions of guttural pouch?

A

x

58
Q

parotid lymph nodes of the horse drain to

A

lateral and media retropharyngeal lns.

59
Q

mandibular lns of the horse drain to

A

cranial deep cervical lns, or medial retropharyngeal lns.

60
Q

lateral retropharyngeal lns. location in horse

A

ventral to wing of atlas near caudodorsal border of mandibular salivary gland

61
Q

lateral retropharyngeal lns contact

A

lateral wall of guttural pouch

62
Q

lateral retropharyngeal lns in equine drain to

A

medial retropharyngeal lns. ventral to guttural pouch

63
Q

medial retropharyngeal lns. in equine drain to

A

cranial deep cervical lns.

64
Q

parotid lns of ruminants drain to

A

lateral retropharyngeal ln.

65
Q

mandibular lymph nodes of ruminants drain to

A

lateral retropharyngeal ln

66
Q

medial retropharyngeal lns of ruminant drain to

A

lateral retropharyngeal ln.

67
Q

what is the major lymph collection center for the head in ruminants

A

lateral retropharyngeal ln.

68
Q

lateral retropharyngeal ln. drain to

A

cranial deep cervical ln.

69
Q

what is the function of the hyoid apparatus

A

the root of the tongue, pharynx, and larynx

70
Q

learn parts of the cartilages

A

x

71
Q

where is the aryepiglottic fold

A

from lateral edge of epiglotic cartilage to the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilgae

72
Q

what are the mucous membranes of the larynx of the horse

A

vocal fold
vestibular fold
laryngeal ventricle

73
Q

vocal fold

A

covers vocal ligament and covalis m.

74
Q

vestibular fold

A

covers vestibular ligamenta nd part of the ventricularis m.

75
Q

laryngeal venricle

A

located between vestibular and vocal folds

76
Q

what are the mucous membranes of the larynx of the ruminant

A

only vocal fold is present (no vestibular fold or laryngeal ventricle)

77
Q

aditus laryngis

A

entrace to larynx

78
Q

laryngeal cavity vestibule

A

between aditus laryngis and glottic cleft (rima glottidis)

79
Q

laryngeal cavity glottic cleft ventrolateral boundary

A

vocal folds

80
Q

laryngeal glottic cleft dorsolateral boundary

A

vocal processes and medial surfaces of arytenoid cartilages

81
Q

infraglotic cavity

A

from glottic cleft to trachea bounded by cricoid cartilage

82
Q

glottis includes

A

vocal folds and arytenoid cartilages

83
Q

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m. function

A

enlarges glottic cleft by rotating the arytenoid cartilage so that the vocal process moves laterally (abduction);

aslo pulls muscular process dorsocaudally, rotating the arytenoid so that the vocal process and fold are pulled laterally; opens glottic cleft

84
Q

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis attachments

A

arises from lamina and median ridge of the cricoid cartilage; muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

85
Q

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m. is innervated by

A

caudal laryngeal n.

86
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerves (terminal end is caudal laryngeal n.)

A

innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroideus m.; sensory to the mucous membrane of the caudal portion of the larynx

87
Q

cranial laryngeal n. innervates

A

cricothyroideus m.; sensory to the mucous membrane of the cranial portion of the larynx

88
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerves and cranial laryngeal nerves are branches of

A

vagus nerve

89
Q

normal position of the epiglottis during breathing in the horse

A

the horse is an obligate nasal breather because the soft palate is tightly opposed to the base of epiglottis; no communication between oropharynx and nasopharynx

90
Q

dorsal displacement of the soft palate in the horse

A

causes functional partial obstruction of nasopharynx space; limits performance (most often diagnosed when complaint of exercise intolerance)

91
Q

epiglottic entrapment in the horse

A

loose aryepiglottic folds and subepiglottic mucosa displace dorsally above the epiglottis;

92
Q

what are the complaints of epiglottic entrapment in the horse

A

exercise intolerance is the main complaint; less commonly coughing, nasal exudate

93
Q

epiglottic entrapment prevalance in thoroughbreds

A

0.9%

94
Q

eppiglotic entrapment can be induced by

A

epiglottic hypoplasia; aryepiglottic fold inflammation/swelling

95
Q

chronic cases of epiglottic entrapemnt in the horse

A

thickened fibrous tissue; 45% have ulceration present

96
Q

does the horse have binocular vision

A

no

97
Q

equine eye

A

has a ramp retina; ciliary m. of eye poorly developed; horse changes head position to focus

98
Q

iridic granules/corpus nigrum found in

A

hores and ruminants (ox, sheep and goats)

99
Q

what nerves do you block for enucleation of eye

A

oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
ophthalmic and maxillary nerve of trigeminal nerve
zygomatic branch of auriculopalpebral n. of facial nerve

100
Q

enucleation is a common procedure in

A

bovine

101
Q

peterson eye block for enucleation of the bovine eye

A

anesthetizes nerves exiting foramen orbitorotundum; insert needle into depression just caudal to the angle formed by frontal and temporal processes of zygomatic bone; advance needle rostrally off coronoid process of mandible

102
Q

peterson eye block you also need to anesthetize

A

zygomatic branch of the auriculopalpebral n. of facial nerve

Large Animal Anatomy (14 decks)

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