Unit 2 + 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the role of the golgi apparatus

A

involved in the process and packaging of proteins

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2
Q

role of lysosomes

A

its a digestive enzyme which digests worn out parts of the cell

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3
Q

what are the roles of a slime capsule

A
  • stops the cell from drying out
  • protects it from enzymes
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4
Q

why are viruses acellular

A

because they do not have a cellular structure

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5
Q

what is cell fractionation

A

when cells are broken up and their organelles are seperated because they have different densities

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6
Q

why is the solution for cell fractionation placed in cold water

A

it reduces enzyme activity

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7
Q

why is the solution for cell fractionation placed in an isotonic solution

A

it prevents the cell from shrinking or bursting

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8
Q

why is the solution for cell fractionation placed in a buffered solution

A

so the pH stays the same

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9
Q

what are some limitations to using a TEM

A
  • may contain artefacts
  • image is 2D
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10
Q

what is binary fission

A

how bacteria reproduce as it is an asexual process

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11
Q

what makes up the bilayer

A

phospholipids and protein

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12
Q

define active transport

A

the movement of particles from low to high concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

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13
Q

define osmosis

A

the movement of water from a high to low concentration against a semi permeable membrane

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14
Q

give 3 ways you can increase the rate of diffusion

A
  • increase concentration gradient
  • increase surface area
  • change diffusion path
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15
Q

what are spiracles

A

microscopic holes in the body of insects which can open + close

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16
Q

what causes spiracles to open

A

a rise in CO2

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17
Q

link haemoglobin with affinity

A

when its in the heart its affinity is high so it carries a lot of oxygen
when it leaves the heart its affinity lowers so it unloads it quicker

18
Q

what are the 3 compartments of a fish gill

A
  • flap
  • bar
  • filaments
19
Q

how are gills beneficial to fish

A

they contain many lamellae which increases its surface area

20
Q

what is meant by a counter current

A

when blood flows one way and water flows the other

21
Q

how are gills efficient at diffusion

A

they ensure the oxygen in water is always just higher than the water so diffusion can occur

22
Q

what circulatory system do humans have
what system does a fish have

A

humans - double
fish - single

23
Q

what are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle

A

diastole and systole

24
Q

what is the diastole phase

A

it refers to the ventricular filling

25
Q

what is the systole phase

A

the ventricular contraction

26
Q

when do the AV valves open

A

when the pressure in the atrium is greater than the pressure in the ventricle

27
Q

give the features of an artery

A
  • high pressure
  • elastic tissue
  • smooth inner endothelial lining
28
Q

how does the elastic tissue benefit the artery

A

it allows it to stretch and recoil

29
Q

how does the smooth inner endothelial lining benefit the artery

A

it removes friction so more blood flow

30
Q

give the features of a vein

A
  • thin collagen layer as pressure is low
  • valves which prevent backflow
31
Q

give the features of capillaries

A
  • single cell walls of endothelial for easy diffusion
  • narrow lumen which reduces flow rate giving more time for diffusion
32
Q

what is meant by tissue fluid

A

when the liquid plasma leaks out of the capillaries

33
Q

what links companion cells

A

plasmodesmata

34
Q

what is a stylet

A

what aphids use to penertrate phloem tubes and sip sugary sap

35
Q

describe the cohesion - tension theory of water transport

A
  • the stomata in the leaves open as transpiration increases
  • as transpiration occurs the water potential decreases
  • water is pulled up the xylem which creates tension
  • water molecules stick together via cohesion
36
Q

how is the highest pressure produced in the left ventricle

A

stronger contractions / thicker muscle

37
Q

which vessel has the thickest muscles

A

the left ventricle

38
Q

what would happen if babies are born with a hole between their right and left ventricle

A

the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood would mix together so the volume of oxygenated blood would be lower

39
Q

whats an advantage to using a pH meter over a colourimeter

A

greater accuracy as it gives a numerical reading

40
Q

what type of bond is broken when chain of amino acids is hydrolysed

A

peptide

41
Q

how does an inhibitor stop an enzyme working

A
  • inhibitor is similar shape to substrate
  • so it binds to the active site
  • this stops the enzyme binding to actual substrate
42
Q

explain the role of the diaphragm in breathing out

A
  • diahphragm moves up
  • this reduces the volume in the thorax / increases pressure
  • so the pressure in the thorax is higher than outside