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Biology > Unit 1 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why is water a polar molecule

A

the oxygen has a small negative charge
and the hydrogen have a small positive charge

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2
Q

what bond joins water molecules together

A

hydrogen bond
(they are weak)

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3
Q

what is meant by specific heat capacity

A

the amount of energy needed to change 1kg of something by 1 degree

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4
Q

does water have a high or low SHC

A

very high

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5
Q

what happens when you heat water / try to change the SHC

A

the heat energy goes towards weakening or breaking the hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

what is meant by water being a good solvent

A

lots of substances can dissolve in water

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7
Q

what is an advantage to water being a good solvent

A

it can be used to transport substances

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8
Q

what is it called when water molecules stick together

A

cohesion

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9
Q

what is an advantage to cohesion

A

large collums of water can travel in the xylem

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10
Q

examples of a metabolic reaction

A

photosynthesis
aerobic respiration

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11
Q

give 2 examples of carbohydrates

A

sugar
starch

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12
Q

what is a hexose sugar

A

a sugar with six carbon atoms

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13
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

a single sugar molecule

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14
Q

give 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

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15
Q

are monosaccharides soluble in water

A

yes

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16
Q

what does hydrophillic mean

A

-water loving
-dissolves in water

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17
Q

what is a pentose monosaccharide

A

a monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms

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18
Q

give an example of a pentose monosaccharide

A

ribose

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19
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

when 2 monosaccharides are chemically joined

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20
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

3 or more monosaccharides chemically joined

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21
Q

if the OH group is on the bottom which isomer of glucose is it

A

alpha glucose

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22
Q

if the OH group is on the top which isomer of glucose is it

A

beta glucose

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23
Q

what type of bond is formed when alpha glucose is joined

A

glycosidic

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24
Q

is glucose soluble in water and why

A

yes, extremely
because it has a large amount of hydroxyll groups

25
Q

how do plant cells store glucose

A

as starch

26
Q

what is amylose

A

a polymer of alpha glucose molecules

27
Q

what shape is amylose and why is it benefical

A

its a helix shape so its very compact

28
Q

how is amylopectin different to amylose structually

A

amylopectin is branched whereas amylose isnt

29
Q

is starch soluble in water and how does it help its function

A

its not soluble which means it doesnt cause water to enter the cell by osmosis

30
Q

how is cellulose stong

A

hydrogen bonds form between its straight chains

31
Q

what bond joins amino acids together

A

peptide bond

32
Q

what is the role of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

33
Q

what is it called when you join 3 or more amino acids

A

a polypeptide

34
Q

how can you change the tertiary structure of an enzyme

A

by heating it as the shape of the active site has changed

35
Q

what is meant by the tertiary structure of a protein

A

the 3 dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain

36
Q

what is the quaternary structure of a protein

A

shows us how the subunits fit together to form a larger structure

37
Q

features of a globular protein

A
  • spherical shape
  • soluble in water
38
Q

why are globular proteins soluble in water

A

they have hydrophillic amino acids on their surface

39
Q

where are the hydrophobic amino acids in a globular protein

A

in the centre

40
Q

give 3 examples of a globular protein

A

haemoglobin
insulin
lysozyme

41
Q

what is the role of haemoglobin

A

to bind to oxygen in the lungs

42
Q

how does haemoglobins featres make it seful for its purpose

A

haemoglobin has 4 haem molecules and 1 haem molecule binds to 1 oxygen molecule so each haemoglonin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules

43
Q

how do hormones carry out their function

A

by binding to specific receptor molecules

44
Q

where is lysozymes found

A

saliva and tears

45
Q

what are functions of globular proteins

A

enzymes
hormones
oxygen carrying proteins

46
Q

what are the functions of fibrous proteins

A

structural proteins like in
bones
or walls of arteries

47
Q

what is the structure of a fibrous protein

A

long rope like molecules

48
Q

features of fibrous proteins

A
  • long rope like
  • insoluble in water
49
Q

give 3 examples of fibrous proteins

A

collagen
keratin
elastin

50
Q

what is the structure of a triglyceride

A

1 glycerol
3 fatty acids

51
Q

what bonds hold glycerol and fatty acids together

A

ester bonds

52
Q

what does the enzyme lipase do in the digestive system

A

breaks down the ester bonds of a triglyceride so you get glycerol and 3 fatty acids

53
Q

are triglycerides polar or non polar

A

non polar meaning theyre hydrophobic so they dont dissolve in water

54
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid

A

1 glycerol
2 fatty acids
and a phosphate group

55
Q

why is a phospolipid partially hydrophillic

A

because the phosphate group is negatively charged so is hydrophillic but the fatty acids are hydrophobic

56
Q

what is a phospholipid bilayer

A

when the phospholipids position themselves so the phosphate group interacts with water but the fatty acids dont

57
Q

what is a monomer

A

small units which larger molecules are made from

58
Q

what is a polymer

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers

Biology (13 decks)

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