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Biology > Unit 1 + 4 > Flashcards

Unit 1 + 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a biological molecule

A

any molecule that is present in living organisms

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2
Q

when do hydrogen bonds form

A

when a slightly positive and slightly negative charge come close

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3
Q

what does bose mean in a molcule

A

that it is a sugar

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4
Q

what shape is fructose

A

pentagon

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5
Q

give 3 examples of disaccharides

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

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6
Q

give similarities of lactose and lactulose

A
  • both have glycosidic bonds
  • both are formed from condensation reactions
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7
Q

give a difference between lactose and lactulose

A
  • lactulose contains fructose but lactose contains glucose
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8
Q

give 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

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9
Q

what makes up fungal cell walls

A

chitin

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10
Q

give 2 advantages to starchs structure

A
  • spiral shaped so its more compact and easier to store
  • its a branched molecule and more branches mean more points enzymes can attach
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11
Q

give differences between starch and cellulose

A
  • starch is made of alpha glucose molecules
  • cellulose is made of beta glucose
  • starch is helix shaped and cellulose is straight
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12
Q

what are amylose and amylopectin made of

A

alpha glucose because starch is made from it

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13
Q

why is glycogen structure benefical for its use

A
  • made of alpha glucose
  • branched which gives it easy access to stored energy
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14
Q

how is the strucure of starch similar to cellulose

A
  • both made from monosaccharides
  • they both contain glycosidic bonds
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15
Q

what is a reducing sugar

A

a sugar that can donate electrons

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16
Q

what happens in benedicts test when a reducing sugar is present

A

an isoluble red precipitate forms
(which absorbs light)

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17
Q

advantages to lipids

A
  • good energy store
  • good for insulation
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18
Q

what are the 2 types of lipids

A
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
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19
Q

what are proteins used for

A
  • enzymes
  • antibodies
  • hormones
  • structure (collagen)
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20
Q

what is the primary strucute of a protein

A

the sequence of amino acids

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21
Q

what is the secondary structre of proteins

A

the formation of hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

what is the tertiary structure of proteins

A

when the secondary structure folds up into a 3d structure

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23
Q

what are the 2 different types of proteins

A

globular
fibrous

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24
Q

whats the difference between globular and fibrous proteins

A

globular - globe like structre
fibrous - long intertwined chains

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25
Q

what are the 3 types of tissues in the digestive sytem

A
  • muscular
  • glandular
  • epithelial
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26
Q

where does mechanical digestion take place

A

the mouth

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27
Q

where does chemical digestion take place

A
  • salvilary glands
  • stomach
  • small intestines
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28
Q

whats its called when food moves down the oesphagus

A

peristalisis

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29
Q

what must happen for fats (triglycerides) to be digested

A

they are not water soluble so they must be emulsified

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30
Q

what type of bond is found in a triglyceride

A

ester

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31
Q

whats the difference between competitve and non - competitve inhibtion

A
  • competitive binds to active site
  • non competive changes shape
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32
Q

how can you tell if a substrate is comp or non comp

A
  • increase the concentration of substrate
  • eventually non comp will get broken down
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33
Q

what is the genome

A

all the genes in an individual

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34
Q

what is a gene

A

the basic unit of hereditary information which is the sequence of bases in DNA

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35
Q

what are the 4 organic bases for DNA

A

guanine
cytosine

adenine
thymine

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36
Q

what happens to thymine in RNA

A

its replaced with uracil

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37
Q

which 2 bases are pyrimidines

A

cYtosine and thYmine

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38
Q

which 2 bases are purines

A

guanine and adenine

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39
Q

whats the difference between pyrmidines and purines

A

pymrimidines have a one ring structure
purines have a two ring structure

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40
Q

how is DNA a stable molecule

A

its phosphodiester backbone protects it from the more chemically reactive bases

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41
Q

what is the function of DNA

A

to pass genetic information from cell to cell

42
Q

what does DNA helicase do

A

breaks down the hydrogen bonds and unwinds the double helix

43
Q

what does DNA polymerase do

A

joins the adjacent nucleotides with a phosphodiester bond

44
Q

why do we need energy

A
  • to maintain homeostasis
  • muscle contractions
  • metabolic reactions like protein synthesis
45
Q

what is an example of a catabolic reaction

A

digestion

46
Q

why can ATP be considered immediate energy

A

because so little is stored and its released in maneagble loads

47
Q

roles of ATP in plant cells

A
  • metabolic reactions
  • active transport
  • growth
48
Q

why is water essential

A
  • good solvent
  • required for photosynthesis
  • metabolic reactions
49
Q

similarities between RNA and DNA

A
  • both have nucleic acids
  • both have phosphate
  • both polymers
50
Q

what is transcription

A

where the DNA gene is copied into messenger RNA

51
Q

where does transcription take place

A

the nucleus

52
Q

whats translation

A

where the mRNA is used to join the correct sequence of amino acids

53
Q

what is the genetic code

A
  • degenerate
  • non overlapping
  • universal
54
Q

what does degenerate mean

A

when amino acid can be coded for mutiple codons

55
Q

what are introns

A

non coding sections of DNA

56
Q

what are exons

A

base sequence coding for polypeptides

57
Q

what does universal mean in the genetic code

A

almost every organism uses the same code

58
Q

what does non overlapping mean in the genetic code

A

there is no overlap between triple codes

59
Q

what is a zygote

A

a fertilised egg

60
Q

what is the advantage of longer chromosome

A

the greater number of chiasmata
which means new combination of allelels

61
Q

what is chiamasta

A

when chromosomes wrap around each other

62
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

genetic differences between indivduals within a population

63
Q

what is allele frequency

A

how often a particular allele occurs within a population

64
Q

how can you increase genetic diversity

A
  • migration brings new alleles
  • mutations makes new alleles
65
Q

how can you decrease genetic diversity

A
  • selective breeding
  • bottle neck effect
66
Q

what is the bottle neck effect

A

when the population number is dramatically decreased due to natural disasters

67
Q

what is the founder effect

A

when a few members of a population start a new population

68
Q

define evolution

A

to evolve and change overtime of long periods

69
Q

what is selection pressure

A

a driving force which causes evolution

70
Q

define species

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed and create fertile offspring

71
Q

what is phylogeny

A

the evolutionary relationship between organisms

72
Q

what is a protein for respiaration

A

cytochrome C

73
Q

what is biodiversity

A

the number and variety of living organsims present in an area

74
Q

what is species diversity

A

how many different species are present in an area and how many there are

75
Q

what is species richness

A

number of different species present

76
Q

what is species eveness

A

how balanced the number of each species is

77
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

how many variations there in the genetic code

78
Q

what is discontinous variation

A

clearly defined categories like race, hair colour, eye colour

79
Q

what is continous variation

A

can be within a range like height, age and hair length

80
Q

name 3 defence mechanisms and how they defend

A

mucus - traps foreign bodies
stomach - contains stomach acid
tears - contain lysozomes

81
Q

what is a phagocyte

A

type of WBC which engulfs and digests pathogens

82
Q

where are B and T lymphocytes produced

A

bone marrow in stem cells

83
Q

what do B lymphocytes produce

A

antiBodies

84
Q

difference between B and T lymphocytes

A

B mature in bone marrow
T mature in thymus

85
Q

what do T cells do

A

release signalling molecules to stimulate an immune response

86
Q

what do T killer cells do

A

attack and destroy our own body cells that are infected with pathogens

87
Q

roles of T cells

A
  • stimulates phagocytosis
  • stimulate B cells to divide and become plasma cells
88
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

secrete antibodies directly

89
Q

what is agglutinate

A

clumping of pathogens together which makes phagocytosis easier

90
Q

what is meant by primary immune response

A

the intial response caused by a first infection

91
Q

what is meant by a secondary response

A

a more rapid response caused by a second infection by the same pathogen

92
Q

what is passive immunity

A

when antibodies are passed to an individual e.g breastfeeding or injections

93
Q

what is active immunity

A

when an active body actively produces antibodies

94
Q

how is a phosphodiester bond formed between nucleotides

A
  • condensation reaction means loss of water
  • between phosphate and deoxyribose
  • this is catalysed by DNA polymerase
95
Q

how is RNA produced

A
  • nucleotides form complementary base pairs
  • phospodiester bonds form
  • by RNA polymerase
96
Q

as forest area was cleared the species diversity of insects decreased, why

A
  • decrease in variety of plants
  • fewer habitats
  • decrease in variety of food
97
Q

why is a larger sample better

A

it produces a more reliable mean

98
Q

describe the absorption of amino acids in the ileum

A
  • facilitated diffusion of amino acids into a cell via carrier proteins
  • co transport
  • sodium ions actively transported from cell to blood
  • this creates a diffusion gradient
99
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

secrete antibodies

100
Q

what holds antibodies together

A

disulphide bridges

Biology (13 decks)

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