Unit 1.9 Matter Flashcards
What are the four physical states of matter?
Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma
Define matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Name the two types of Pure Substances.
– Compounds
– Elements
Name the two types of Mixtures.
– Homogenous Mixtures
– Heterogenous Mixtures
Define mixture
– Combination of two+ pure substances physically mixed together
– Not chemically united and do not exist in fixed proportions to each other
– Can be separated by physical means
– Can be solutions or mechanical mixtures
Define Solution
– Mixture that looks like a pure substance
– Components of a mixture are uniformly intermingled/homogenous
– Have the same properties throughout the sample
– Not always liquids
What is the most common solution?
– Aqueous solutions (those containing water)
Define alloys
– Solid solutions
– Made by melting different metals + mixing them together
– Can contain small amounts of nonmetallic elements
– Examples: Brass (copper + zinc), Bronze (copper + tin)
Define Suspension
– Heterogenous mixture of 2+ substances in which particles r spread throughout a liquid but not completely dissolved, making it cloudy by either rising to top or sinking to bottom
Define Pure Substances
– Homogenous matter with unique set of properties
– Made up of one type of atom or molecule.
– Can be either an element or a compound
– The same throughout
Define Element
– Pure substance composed of one kind of atom
– Cannot be broken down or changed into another substance using chemical means
Define compound
– Pure substances composed of 2+ kinds of atoms(elements) chemically bonded in a fixed ratio
– Properties of compounds r always different than the properties of their elements
State the dominant feature of a mixture.
It ha a variable composition
What is the solvent and solute?
– Make up solutions’ components
– Solvent: Chemical which causes the dissolving (ex. water, alcohol)
– Solute: Chemical which dissolves in the solvent (ex. salt, iodine)
– Ex. In ocean water, water is the solvent. The various salts r the solutes
Alloys are solutions of ____.
metals
Amalgams are solutions of ____.
mercury
Define Aqueous Solutions
– Solutions in which the solvent is water
– Can contain many different solutes and r the most common type of solutions
– ex. NaCl (Salt water)
What is the “aq” designation?
Automatically indicates that the solute is dissolved in water, meaning water is the solvent
Name 3+ methods of separation of mixtures
– Mechanical
– Separation
– Settling
– Flotation
– Filtration
– Extraction
– Fractional Distillation
– Crystallization
– Chromatography
– Centrifugation
Define Mechanical Separation
One or more components r picked out of the mixture either manually or by use of a magnet for magnetic substances
Define Settling
Some heterogenous mixtures can be separated by letting one of the components settle to the bottom.
– Spinning the mixture at high speed (centrifuging) can accelerate the process
Define Centrifugation
The centrifugal force is mechanically generated by turning the equipment containing the fluid in a circular path causing the fluids to separate
Define Flotation
Oil, detergents, or other chemicals r added to the heterogenous mixture and air is blown through. The froth containing the desired component floats and is skimmed off the surface.
– Used to concentrate ores of zinc, copper, nickel, and led, to separate bitumen (tar) from sand
Define Filtration
A heterogenous mixture (usually solid in liquid or gas) is passed thru a screen or filter. The solid is trapped and separated from the liquid or gas
Define Extraction
– The mixture is mixed with a solvent that dissolves one or more–but not all– components.
– ex. table salt and sand can be separated by using water to dissolve (extract) the salt
Define Fractional Distillation
A liquid mixture is boiled and one or more components r separated as they vaporize from the mixture at diff temperatures
Define Crystallization
A dissolved solid is separated from a solution by cooling or concentrating the solution to crystallize the solid
Define Chromatography
– A mixture is carried by a solvent thru a stationary, porous medium (ex. column of solids, filter paper).
– Separation occurs bc components of the mixture move at different rates in the porous medium.
Which states of matter among S, L, and G have the lowest and highest potential energy?
– Lowest: Solid
– Highest: Gas
Differentiate b/w Heat and Temperature
– Heat is the measure of TOTAL kinetic energy of molecules in a substance
– Temperature is the AVERAGE kinetic energy of molecules in a substance
What unit of measurement is Heat measured in?
– Joules (J)
– A joule is a rather small amount of heat so we often use kilojoule (kJ). (1 kJ = 1000 J)
State the change in heat equation
ΔH = (mass)(ΔT)(specific heat capacity)
Why do not all molecules with the energy to escape and become gas actually do?
They must be near the surface
During melting or freezing and boiling or condensing, there is no change in ___, but only a change in ____.
– KE/Temperature
– PE
What is the purpose of a heating curve?
to show how the temperature of a substance changes as it is heated up at a constant rate
What does the y-axis and x-axis represent on the heating curve?
– Y-axis: Temperature
– X-axis: Heat that is added
How do you identify a chemical change?
– Changes that produce a new kind of matter with different properties, altering the molecular makeup of the substance
– Mostly irreversible
– ex. combustion, cooking food, digestion, photosynthesis
How do you identify a physical change?
– Observed w/o altering the substance’s molecular composition
– a change of state (solid, liquid, gas)
– Final substance is made of the same matter as before the change
– ex. mixing, dissolving, electric light bulb glowing
List the abbreviations used in chemical reactions.
– (s) solid state
– (l) liquid state
– (g) gas state
– (aq) aqueous
What type of change is H2O(l) H2O(g)?
Physical change from one state to another (liquid to gas)
What type of change is 2 H2O(l) 2 H2(g) + O2(g)?
Chemical change as new connections b/w atoms r made when new chemicals form
Differentiate b/w a intensive and extensive property
– intensive: property of matter that doesn’t change as the amount of matter changes
– extensive: property of matter that changes as the amount of matter changes
Differentiate b/w observation and interpretation.
– Observation: taking down noticeable facts abt the matter
– Interpretation: making a conclusion abt matter based on the observations
Observations can be either ___ or ___
qualitative (descriptive), quantitative (measured)
Define Qualitative
– Observations of this nature do not involve using numerical measurements.
– Ex. chlorine gas is green, lead conducts electricity, and the flame of a candle is yellow with a bluish centre
Define Quantitative
– Observations of this nature always involve a measurable amount using SI units.
– ex. the starting mass of the salt was 2.56g, and the candle burned for 5 min.
Generally, what are the two major categories of matter?
Pure Substances and Mixtures
Define Lustre.
Describes the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock or mineral (gentle sheen or soft glow)
Define condensation
The change of the physical state of amtter fro mgaseous into liquid
Define sublimination
Refers to the process of transitionof a substance from solid to gas without passing thru an intermediate liquid phase
Define evaporation
the process by which water is converted from liquid to vapour
Describe iodine
non-metallic, dark grey/purple black solid element
