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Chem11 Sec. 21 :( > Unit 1.9 Matter > Flashcards

Unit 1.9 Matter Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four physical states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma

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2
Q

Define matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

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3
Q

Name the two types of Pure Substances.

A

– Compounds
– Elements

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4
Q

Name the two types of Mixtures.

A

– Homogenous Mixtures
– Heterogenous Mixtures

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5
Q

Define mixture

A

– Combination of two+ pure substances physically mixed together
– Not chemically united and do not exist in fixed proportions to each other
– Can be separated by physical means
– Can be solutions or mechanical mixtures

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6
Q

Define Solution

A

– Mixture that looks like a pure substance
– Components of a mixture are uniformly intermingled/homogenous
– Have the same properties throughout the sample
– Not always liquids

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7
Q

What is the most common solution?

A

– Aqueous solutions (those containing water)

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8
Q

Define alloys

A

– Solid solutions
– Made by melting different metals + mixing them together
– Can contain small amounts of nonmetallic elements
– Examples: Brass (copper + zinc), Bronze (copper + tin)

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9
Q

Define Suspension

A

– Heterogenous mixture of 2+ substances in which particles r spread throughout a liquid but not completely dissolved, making it cloudy by either rising to top or sinking to bottom

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10
Q

Define Pure Substances

A

– Homogenous matter with unique set of properties
– Made up of one type of atom or molecule.
– Can be either an element or a compound
– The same throughout

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11
Q

Define Element

A

– Pure substance composed of one kind of atom
– Cannot be broken down or changed into another substance using chemical means

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12
Q

Define compound

A

– Pure substances composed of 2+ kinds of atoms(elements) chemically bonded in a fixed ratio
– Properties of compounds r always different than the properties of their elements

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13
Q

State the dominant feature of a mixture.

A

It ha a variable composition

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14
Q

What is the solvent and solute?

A

– Make up solutions’ components
– Solvent: Chemical which causes the dissolving (ex. water, alcohol)
– Solute: Chemical which dissolves in the solvent (ex. salt, iodine)
– Ex. In ocean water, water is the solvent. The various salts r the solutes

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15
Q

Alloys are solutions of ____.

A

metals

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16
Q

Amalgams are solutions of ____.

A

mercury

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17
Q

Define Aqueous Solutions

A

– Solutions in which the solvent is water
– Can contain many different solutes and r the most common type of solutions
– ex. NaCl (Salt water)

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18
Q

What is the “aq” designation?

A

Automatically indicates that the solute is dissolved in water, meaning water is the solvent

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19
Q

Name 3+ methods of separation of mixtures

A

– Mechanical
– Separation
– Settling
– Flotation
– Filtration
– Extraction
– Fractional Distillation
– Crystallization
– Chromatography
– Centrifugation

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20
Q

Define Mechanical Separation

A

One or more components r picked out of the mixture either manually or by use of a magnet for magnetic substances

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21
Q

Define Settling

A

Some heterogenous mixtures can be separated by letting one of the components settle to the bottom.
– Spinning the mixture at high speed (centrifuging) can accelerate the process

22
Q

Define Centrifugation

A

The centrifugal force is mechanically generated by turning the equipment containing the fluid in a circular path causing the fluids to separate

23
Q

Define Flotation

A

Oil, detergents, or other chemicals r added to the heterogenous mixture and air is blown through. The froth containing the desired component floats and is skimmed off the surface.
– Used to concentrate ores of zinc, copper, nickel, and led, to separate bitumen (tar) from sand

24
Q

Define Filtration

A

A heterogenous mixture (usually solid in liquid or gas) is passed thru a screen or filter. The solid is trapped and separated from the liquid or gas

25
Q

Define Extraction

A

– The mixture is mixed with a solvent that dissolves one or more–but not all– components.
– ex. table salt and sand can be separated by using water to dissolve (extract) the salt

26
Q

Define Fractional Distillation

A

A liquid mixture is boiled and one or more components r separated as they vaporize from the mixture at diff temperatures

27
Q

Define Crystallization

A

A dissolved solid is separated from a solution by cooling or concentrating the solution to crystallize the solid

28
Q

Define Chromatography

A

– A mixture is carried by a solvent thru a stationary, porous medium (ex. column of solids, filter paper).
– Separation occurs bc components of the mixture move at different rates in the porous medium.

29
Q

Which states of matter among S, L, and G have the lowest and highest potential energy?

A

– Lowest: Solid
– Highest: Gas

30
Q

Differentiate b/w Heat and Temperature

A

– Heat is the measure of TOTAL kinetic energy of molecules in a substance
– Temperature is the AVERAGE kinetic energy of molecules in a substance

31
Q

What unit of measurement is Heat measured in?

A

– Joules (J)
– A joule is a rather small amount of heat so we often use kilojoule (kJ). (1 kJ = 1000 J)

32
Q

State the change in heat equation

A

ΔH = (mass)(ΔT)(specific heat capacity)

33
Q

Why do not all molecules with the energy to escape and become gas actually do?

A

They must be near the surface

34
Q

During melting or freezing and boiling or condensing, there is no change in ___, but only a change in ____.

A

– KE/Temperature
– PE

35
Q

What is the purpose of a heating curve?

A

to show how the temperature of a substance changes as it is heated up at a constant rate

36
Q

What does the y-axis and x-axis represent on the heating curve?

A

– Y-axis: Temperature
– X-axis: Heat that is added

37
Q

How do you identify a chemical change?

A

– Changes that produce a new kind of matter with different properties, altering the molecular makeup of the substance
– Mostly irreversible
– ex. combustion, cooking food, digestion, photosynthesis

38
Q

How do you identify a physical change?

A

– Observed w/o altering the substance’s molecular composition
– a change of state (solid, liquid, gas)
– Final substance is made of the same matter as before the change
– ex. mixing, dissolving, electric light bulb glowing

39
Q

List the abbreviations used in chemical reactions.

A

– (s) solid state
– (l) liquid state
– (g) gas state
– (aq) aqueous

40
Q

What type of change is H2O(l) H2O(g)?

A

Physical change from one state to another (liquid to gas)

41
Q

What type of change is 2 H2O(l) 2 H2(g) + O2(g)?

A

Chemical change as new connections b/w atoms r made when new chemicals form

42
Q

Differentiate b/w a intensive and extensive property

A

– intensive: property of matter that doesn’t change as the amount of matter changes
– extensive: property of matter that changes as the amount of matter changes

43
Q

Differentiate b/w observation and interpretation.

A

– Observation: taking down noticeable facts abt the matter
– Interpretation: making a conclusion abt matter based on the observations

44
Q

Observations can be either ___ or ___

A

qualitative (descriptive), quantitative (measured)

45
Q

Define Qualitative

A

– Observations of this nature do not involve using numerical measurements.
– Ex. chlorine gas is green, lead conducts electricity, and the flame of a candle is yellow with a bluish centre

46
Q

Define Quantitative

A

– Observations of this nature always involve a measurable amount using SI units.
– ex. the starting mass of the salt was 2.56g, and the candle burned for 5 min.

47
Q

Generally, what are the two major categories of matter?

A

Pure Substances and Mixtures

48
Q

Define Lustre.

A

Describes the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock or mineral (gentle sheen or soft glow)

49
Q

Define condensation

A

The change of the physical state of amtter fro mgaseous into liquid

50
Q

Define sublimination

A

Refers to the process of transitionof a substance from solid to gas without passing thru an intermediate liquid phase

51
Q

Define evaporation

A

the process by which water is converted from liquid to vapour

52
Q

Describe iodine

A

non-metallic, dark grey/purple black solid element

Chem11 Sec. 21 :( (35 decks)

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