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A level Physics > Unit 1.7 Particles and Nuclear structure - Matter > Flashcards

Unit 1.7 Particles and Nuclear structure - Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What are smaller than the atom, the once thought to be smallest fundamental particle?

A

Quarks and leptons

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2
Q

How many generations of matter are there?

A

3

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3
Q

Which generation do the quarks and leptons we’re looking at fall under?

A

I

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4
Q

Name the two leptons, including their symbols

A

Electron (e-) and Electron neutrino (Ve)

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5
Q

Name two quarks, including their symbols

A

Up (u) and down (d)

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6
Q

What’s the charge of an electron lepton?

A

-1

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7
Q

What’s the charge of an electron neutrino lepton?

A

0

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8
Q

What’s the charge of an up quark?

A

+2/3

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9
Q

What’s the charge of a down quark?

A

-1/3

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10
Q

What does each particle have?

A

An equivalent antiparticle

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11
Q

What’s similar and what’s different between a particle and an antiparticle?

A

They share the exact same properties (eg - mass) but have opposite charges, lepton numbers and baryon numbers

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12
Q

Which antiparticle can have two different names? What are they?

A

The antielectron or positron

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13
Q

What are the antileptons, including their symbols?

A

–
Antielectron/positron (e+) and electron antineutrino (Ve)

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14
Q

What do all antiparticle symbols use? Which one is an exception?

A

The little bar above the normal particle symbol, apart from e-, which changes to e+ in the antiparticle form

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15
Q

What are the antiquarks, including their symbols?

A

antiup (u) and antidown (d)

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16
Q

Antielectron/positron charge

A

+1

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17
Q

Electron antineutrino charge

A

0

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18
Q

Antiup charge

A

-2/3

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19
Q

Antidown charge

A

+1/3

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20
Q

What happens when a particle and an antiparticle meet?

A

They annihilate eachother and mass is converted into energy

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21
Q

What happens in the example of a particle and an antiparticle meeting, when an electron encounters a positron?

A

It releases two photons of gamma energy in opposite directions

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22
Q

Which are the lightest of subatomic particles?

A

Leptons

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23
Q

How do leptons exist?

A

Always exist separately and do not combine to form composite subatomic particles

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24
Q

What’s the lepton number of our leptons?

A

Both electrons and electron neutrinos have a lepton number of 1

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25
Q

What is the lepton number of the leptons antiparticles?

A

1-

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26
Q

Electrons charge

A

-1e

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27
Q

Electron neutrinos charge

A

0

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28
Q

How do quarks and antiquarks exist?

A

They do not exist separately. They combine to form composite subatomic particles

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29
Q

What do quarks and antiquarks combine to form?

A

composite subatomic particles, known as hadrons

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30
Q

What are there three types of?

A

Hadrons

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31
Q

What are the three types of hadrons?

A

Baryons, antibaryons and mesons

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32
Q

What do baryons consist of?

A

3 quarks

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33
Q

What do antibaryons consist of?

A

3 antiquarks

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34
Q

What do mesons consist of?

A

1 quark and 1 antiquark

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35
Q

What are not to be confused in this unit please?

A

Baron/lepton numbers and charges

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36
Q

What are all quarks baryon numbers?

A

+1/3

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37
Q

Antiquarks baryon number

A

-1/3

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38
Q

All baryons baryon number

A

1

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39
Q

Antibaryon baryon number

A

-1

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40
Q

What are the most commonly known baryons?

A

Protons and neutrons

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41
Q

What are protons and neutrons?

A

Baryons, the most commonly known ones

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42
Q

What does a quark composition make up?

A

Charge, NOT baryon number

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43
Q

Proton charge

A

1+

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44
Q

Proton baryon number

A

1

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45
Q

Proton quark composition

A

uud
(to make the charge of +1)

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46
Q

Neutron charge

A

0

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47
Q

Neutron baryon number

A

1

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48
Q

Neutron quark composition

A

udd
(to make a charge of 0)

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49
Q

What combine to form the pions?

A

The first generation of quarks and antiquarks

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50
Q

What do the first generation of quarks and antiquarks combine to form?

A

The pions

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51
Q

ℼ+ quark composition and charge

A

-
ud
1e charge

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52
Q

ℼ- quark composition and charge

A

-
ud
-1e

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53
Q

ℼ0 quark composition and charge

A

-
uu
0 charge

OR
-
dd
0 charge

(notice that there’s two possible ways of making of the neutral pion)

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54
Q

What are responsible for giving particles baryon numbers?

A

Quarks

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55
Q

What’s an electrons baryon number?

A

0
(remember - electrons are leptons, therefore they exist separately and do not have a quark composition. They do have a lepton number though, which is 1)

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56
Q

What other two baryons apart from protons and neutrons are common and what are their quark makeups and charges?

A

Δ- (delta minus) - ddd = -1
Δ++ (delta plus plus) - uuu = 2+

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57
Q

What are the pions?

A

Mesons

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58
Q

Proton and neutron symbols

A

p and n

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59
Q

What’s the phrase for leptons existing separately and on their own?

A

Fundamental

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60
Q

What are the fractions of charge for the quarks fractions of?

A

Fractions of the e charge (on the front of the data booklet in exam)

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61
Q

Why do we only look into 3 types of hadrons?

A

Only mesons and baryons have been observed

62
Q

Up quark up number

A

+1

63
Q

Up quark down number

A

0

64
Q

Down quark up number

A

0

65
Q

Down quark down number

A

+1

66
Q

What is anything that isn’t an up or down quarks quark number?

A

0

67
Q

What is an antiup quarks up number?

A

-1

68
Q

What is an antidown quarks down number?

A

-1

69
Q

What is the gravitational force experienced by?

A

All matter

70
Q

What is the gravitational forces range?

A

Infinite

71
Q

Additional comments on the gravitational interaction

A

Very weak - negligible except between large objects like planets

72
Q

What is the weak force experienced by?

A

All leptons and all quarks so also all hadrons too

73
Q

Weak force range

A

Very short

74
Q

Additional comments on the weak force

A

Only significant when the e-m and strong interactions do not operate

75
Q

What’s the electromagnetic (e-m) force experienced by?

A

all charged particles

76
Q

Electromagnetic force range

A

Infinite

77
Q

Additional comments on the electromagnetic force

A

Also experienced by neutral hadrons, as these are composed of quarks

78
Q

What’s the strong force experienced by?

A

All quarks, so all hadrons

79
Q

Strong force range

A

short

80
Q

What are the four fundamental forces?

A

Gravitational, weak, electromagnetic (e-m), strong

81
Q

What’s the phrase for being observed on an everyday scale?

A

Macroscopically

82
Q

Which forces are observed macroscopically?

A

Electromagnetic and gravitational

83
Q

What do we know with regular forces that they do when they’re close? Which force tells us this?

A

Electromagnetic forces tell us that protons ought to strongly repel as they’re so close

84
Q

What are forces modelled using in the quantum world? What are they called?

A

Exchange particles - Bosons

85
Q

What are bosons and what do they do?

A

Particles that “carry” the force- they govern the interaction

86
Q

What are the types of boson?

A

The photon, the gluon, the W boson, the Z boson and the Higgs boson

87
Q

Electromagnetic boson

A

Photon

88
Q

Gravitational boson

A

Graviton

89
Q

Strong boson

A

Gluon

90
Q

Weak bosons

A

W+, W-, Z

91
Q

What does Higgs Boson explain?

A

Why the photon has no mass whilst the W and Z bosons do, and also where electrons and other particles get their mass

92
Q

What can the strong force do?

A

Overcome the large repulsion between protons

93
Q

Which force is the strong force much stronger than, and by how much?

A

100x stronger than the electromagnetic force

94
Q

Which force has the shortest lifetime?

A

Strong

95
Q

Why is the strong forces range so small?

A

Within the nucleus of an atom, typically in collisions between particles
It becomes negligible at longer distances, therefore we have no everyday experiences of it

96
Q

Which forces is the weak force much weaker than, and by how much?

A

Several magnitudes weaker than the strong and electromagnetic forces

97
Q

What’s a common example of the weak force?

A

Particle decaying by beta emission

98
Q

Which force always has a particular fermion that is always involved in its interactions? What is it?

A

The weak force - electro neutrinos

99
Q

Which force includes a quark changing “flavour”?

A

The weak force

100
Q

Which force is responsible for practically all phenomena encountered in ordinary life?

A

Electromagnetic force

101
Q

Which force keeps electrons in orbit around a nucleus?

A

Electromagnetic

102
Q

Which force holds atoms and molecules together?

A

Electromagnetic

103
Q

What is always involved in an electromagnetic force? What is its symbol?

A

A photon (squirly Y)

104
Q

Which is the weakest force?

A

Gravitational

105
Q

Which force is dominant on a macroscopic scale? Why? What’s wrong with this?

A

Gravitational force, due to its large range
This causes problems within the standard model

106
Q

Which force is not compatible with the current understanding of quantum mechanics?

A

The gravitational force

107
Q

What’s the first question to ask yourself when forgoing out which force is responsible? If yes, what type of force is it?

A

Is there a neutrino present?
Weak

108
Q

What’s a different indicator that leads immediately to the weak interaction?

A

Change of quark flavour

109
Q

What’s the second question to ask when working out which force is responsible? If yes, which type of interaction is it?

A

Are all the particles made up of quarks? (all mesons or baryons)
Strong interaction

110
Q

What’s the third question to ask to work out which force is responsible? If yes, which force is it?

A

Are the particles charged (quarks or electron and positron)?
Electromagnetic interaction

111
Q

What’s another immediate sign that a reaction is electromagnetic?

A

A photon (squirly Y) is involved

112
Q

Is the electromagnetic interaction experienced by neutral hadrons?

A

Yes, as these are composed of quarks

113
Q

Which particle was instrumental in the development of quark theory?

A

Delta plus plus

114
Q

Two features of the pi mesons

A

-Short lifetimes, in the order 10-8s
-Decay by weak interaction - 1 quark changes flavour, producing a neutrino

115
Q

Which interaction do the pi mesons decay by?

A

Weak interaction

116
Q

What’s the energy conservation rule?

A

Energy cannot be destroyed or created, simply transformed from one form to another

117
Q

When balancing a particle equation, what do we need to be equal on both sides?

A

-Charge
-Lepton number
-Baryon number

118
Q

What’s a useful trick for if you’re explaining why you chose a specific force involved in an interaction?

A

Point out ones it clearly can’t be, yanno things like neutrino involved probably is weak, or a change of flavour is weak

119
Q

Which interaction consists of only quarks?

A

Strong force

120
Q

Which is the only force involving leptons?

A

Weak force

121
Q

What’s the lifetime of the strong force?

A

10-24s (shortest)

122
Q

What’s the lifetime of the weak force?

A

10-8s

123
Q

What’s the lifetime of the electromagnetic force?

A

10-12-10-18 s

124
Q

Which force has a common example and what is it?

A

The weak force - particle decaying by beta emission

125
Q

Word for insignificant in terms of forces

A

Negligible

126
Q

Negligible

A

Insignificant and not worth considering (like the gravitational force unless experienced between large objects)

127
Q

When does the strong force become negligible?

A

At longer distances

128
Q

What’s a mesons baryon number?

A

0

129
Q

What’s the only matter that isn’t effected by the gravitational force?

A

The photon

130
Q

Describe the life span of the pions.
Which is the shortest and why?

A

Very short lifespans, especially pi0 as the quark and antiquark pair annihilate eachother

131
Q

Why are neutrinos and anti neutrinos so difficult to detect?

A

-100,000s of times smaller than an electron, so they’re too small to detect with the current equipment
-No charge, so they don’t react with other atomic particles

132
Q

Elementary particles

A

Not combinations of other particles (leptons)

133
Q

Composite particles

A

Combination of other particles (quarks)

134
Q

What does the fact that leptons are fundamental make them?

A

Structureless

135
Q

What type of intereactions can electrons take part in?

A

All interactions except strong

136
Q

In which type of reaction is the quark flavour not conserved?

A

Weak

137
Q

Why are electron neutrinos so difficult to detect?

A

-100,000s of time smaller than electrons
-no equipment
-no charge = don’t react with other atomic particles
-interact via weak force, which has a very small range

138
Q

What is everything for a photon?

A

0

139
Q

In a conservation on up and down quarks, what is it important to do?

A

Break the particle into its quark makeup

140
Q

What do you do with any of the equation questions involving symbols for elements e.g- 2
H
1

A

Just think - what protons and neutrons are in it? And work from there

141
Q

Rate the forces in order of strength, starting from the weakest

A

-Gravitational
-Weak
-Electromagnetic
-Strong

142
Q

what does the strong force have?

A

A short range

143
Q

What do we have to do if a question asks “in quarks”?

A

Make sure we write out the whole formula (fractions and stuff), not just uud for example

144
Q

Composite

A

Made up of quarks
(e.g - baryons, anti-baryons and mesons)

145
Q

Word for ‘made up of quarks’ (e.g - baryons, anti-baryons and mesons)

A

Composite

146
Q

Fundamental

A

Existing separately + do not combine to form composite subatomic particles
(e.g - leptons)

147
Q

Which interaction is rare?

A

Weak interaction

148
Q

What is the baryon number of a meson?

A

0

149
Q

Which type of force doesn’t affect leptons?

A

Strong force

150
Q

Which groups of particles are affected by the weak nuclear force?

A

Mesons, leptons, quarks

151
Q

Which groups of particles are affected by the strong nuclear force?

A

Mesons and quarks

A level Physics (29 decks)

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