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A level Physics > Unit 1.3 - Dynamics > Flashcards

Unit 1.3 - Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Does an object always follow the path of the largest force?

A

No - only if its in a straight line

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2
Q

Does a spaceship’s velocity once the thrust has been turned off remain equal?

A

Yes - there’s no forces in space to change its velocity

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3
Q

What does net force in a direction cause?

A

Acceleration in that direction

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4
Q

Do faster objects have larger forces on them?

A

No

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5
Q

What do inanimate objects do?

A

Exert forces

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6
Q

Is it possible to have no forces on an object?

A

No

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7
Q

Force

A

A push or pull acting on a body from an external body - the effect of acceleration

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8
Q

What is the word for a push or pull acting on a body from an external body?

A

A force

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9
Q

Relationship between acceleration and force

A

The more a mass accelerates, the bigger the force causing the acceleration

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10
Q

How many fundamental force types are there?

A

4

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11
Q

What are the four fundamental forces?

A

Strong
Weak
Electromagnetic
Gravitational

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12
Q

What does the gravitational force apply to?

A

Anything that has a mass

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13
Q

Which force applies to anything that has a mass?

A

The gravitational force

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14
Q

What type of force it the gravitational force?

A

Always an attractive force

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15
Q

Which force takes place when something is pushed?

A

Electromagnetic

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16
Q

How does the electromagnetic force move an object?

A

Electrons in the outer shells of the pusher repel the electrons in the outer shell of the pushed

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17
Q

What does the fact that the electrons in the outer shell of the pusher repel the electrons in the outer shell of the pushed mean?

A

That the electromagnetic force moves objects that are pushed

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18
Q

What type of force can the electromagnetic force be?

A

An attractive force

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19
Q

Example of the electromagnetic force being an attractive force

A

Between a positively charged balloon and a negatively charged cloth

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20
Q

What are the two main types of forces that apply in situations?

A

Constant forces
Action-at-a-distance forces

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21
Q

Name 6 contact forces

A

Tension
Normal
Air resiatance
Spring
Applied
Fricional

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22
Q

Friction force symbol

A

Ffriction or Fres

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23
Q

Friction force definition

A

The force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it/makes an effort to

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24
Q

What is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it/makes an effort to?

A

Frictional force

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25
Q

Which force has at least 2 types and what are they?

A

Frictional force
Static
Sliding

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26
Q

What are static and sliding forces types of?

A

The frictional force

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27
Q

What does a frictional force often do?

A

Opposes the motion of an object

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28
Q

What does the frictional force depend on?

A

The nature of the two surfaces
The degree they’re pressed together

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29
Q

How does the frictional force result?

A

From 2 surfaces being pressed together closely, which causes intermolecular forces between molecules of different surfaces

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30
Q

Which type of force often opposes the motion of an object?

A

The frictional force

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31
Q

Which force depends on he nature of the two surfaces and the degree of which they’re pressed together?

A

Frictional force

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32
Q

Which force results from 2 surfaces being pressed together closely? How does this happen?

A

Frictional force
Causes intermolecular attractive forces between molecules of different surfaces

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33
Q

When are intermolecular attractive forces experienced between molecules of different surfaces?

A

When 2 surfaces are closely pressed together (frictional force)

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34
Q

Tension force symbol

A

Ftension or T

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35
Q

Which force is T the symbol for?

A

Tension force

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36
Q

Tension force definition

A

The force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when pulled tight by forces acting on opposite ends

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37
Q

What is the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when pulled tight by forces acting on opposite ends?

A

Tension force

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38
Q

Where is the tension force directed?

A

Along the length of the wire

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39
Q

How does the tension force act?

A

Pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the wire

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40
Q

Which force pulls equally on the objects in the opposite ends of the wire?

A

The tension force

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41
Q

When does the tension force act?

A

When pulled tight by forces acting opposite ends

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42
Q

Which force is directed along the length of a wire?

A

Tension force

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43
Q

Normal force definition

A

The support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object

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44
Q

What is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object?

A

Normal force

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45
Q

Normal force symbol

A

Fnormal or N

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46
Q

N force meaning

A

Normal force

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47
Q

What type of objects does the normal force act upon?

A

Solids
(So it wouldn’t occur on something like a balloon for example)

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48
Q

Applied force definition

A

Force applied to an object by another person or object

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49
Q

What’s the force applied to an object by another person or object?

A

Applied force

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50
Q

Applied force symbol

A

Fapplied or Fthrust or fengine

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51
Q

Fthrust force

A

Applied force

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52
Q

Fengine force

A

Applied force

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53
Q

What are the contact forces?

A

Tension
Normal
Air resistance
Spring
Applied
Frictional

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54
Q

What are the action-at-a-distance forces?

A

Gravitational (or weight), electrical and magnetic force

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55
Q

Spring force definition

A

Force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object attached to it

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56
Q

What is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object attached to it ?

A

Spring force

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57
Q

Spring force symbol

A

Fspring

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58
Q

What is directly proportional with most springs (+which ones especially)?

A

Magnitude of the force and the amount of stretch/compression of the spring

(Those that obey Hooke’s law)

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59
Q

What is the relationship between the magnitude of the force and the amount of stretch/compression of a spring with most springs (+which ones especially)?

A

Directly proportional
(Those that obey Hooke’s law)

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60
Q

What is an object that compresses or stretches a spring always acted upon by?

A

A force that restores the object to its rest/equilibrium position

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61
Q

What is a force that restores an object back to its rest/equilibrium position always acting upon?

A

An object that compresses or stretches a spring

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62
Q

Air resistance force definition

A

A type of frictional force that acts upon objects as they travel through the air

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63
Q

What type of force is a type of frictional force that acts upon objects as they travel through the air ?

A

Air resistance force

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64
Q

Air resistance force symbol

A

Fair resistance or Fdrag

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65
Q

What does the air resistance force often oppose?

A

The motion of an object

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66
Q

When is the air resistance force most noticeable?

A

Objects travelling at high speeds
Objects with large surface areas

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67
Q

For objects travelling at high speeds or with large surface areas, what is most noticeable?

A

The air resistance force

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68
Q

What happens to the air resistance force and why?

A

Is frequently neglected
-Negligible magnitude
-Mathematically difficult to predict its value

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69
Q

Why is the air resistance force frequently neglected?

A

-Negligible magnitude
-Mathematically difficult to predict its value

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70
Q

As the air resistance force has negligible magnitude and is mathematically difficult to predict its value, what happens to it frequently?

A

Is neglected

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71
Q

Other name for the gravitational force

A

Weight

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72
Q

Other name for the force of weight

A

Gravitational force

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73
Q

Gravitational force symbol

A

Fgrav or W

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74
Q

W symbol

A

Weight

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75
Q

Gravitational force or weight definition

A

The force with which the earth, moon or other massively large object attracts another object towards itself

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76
Q

What’s the force with which the earth, moon or other massively large object attracts another object towards itself?

A

Gravitational force or weight

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77
Q

Which force do all objects on earth experience and how?

A

The force of gravity
Downward, towards the centre of the earth

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78
Q

In which direction do al objects experience the force of gravity?

A

Downwards, towards the centre of the earth

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79
Q

Magnetic force definition

A

The force exerted on a magnetic or charged object due to a magnetic field

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80
Q

What’s the force exerted on a magnetic or charged object due to a magnetic field ?

A

Magnetic force

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81
Q

Electric force definition

A

The force exerted on a charged object due to an electrical field

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82
Q

What’s the force exerted on a charged object due to an electrical field?

A

Electrical force

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83
Q

What gives us Newtons laws of motion?

A

The action of forces on bodies

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84
Q

What do the actions of forces on bodies give us?

A

Newton’s laws of motion

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85
Q

What do all forces act in?

A

Newton’s third law pairs (N3)

86
Q

N3

A

Newton’s third law pair

87
Q

What’s the symbol for a Newton’s third law pair?

A

N3

88
Q

Can forces exist alone?

A

No - only as Newton’s third law pairs

89
Q

What’s different between Newton’s third law pairs?

A

Different effects

90
Q

What are the rules for Newton’s third law pairs?

A

Must act on different bodies
Must be equal and opposite in magnitude
Must be the same type of force

91
Q

What are…
Must act on different bodies
Must be equal and opposite in magnitude
Must be of the same type of force
…the properties of?

A

Newton’s third law pairs

92
Q

What’s the N3 pair for the gravitational force of the Earth pulling on a ball?

A

An equal and opposite in magnetise gravitational force pulling the Earth towards the ball

93
Q

When a ball is flying through the air, what is the effect of the force on the ball and what is the effect on the earth?

A

Effect of the force on the ball : accelerate it towards earth
Effect of the force on the earth : accelerate it towards the ball

94
Q

If the N3 pair of a ball flying through the air is the gravitational force of the Earth being pulled towards the ball, why don’t we notice the earth moving?

A

Mass of the ball is much smaller - the acceleration of the ball is more noticeable than the acceleration on earth

95
Q

What are free body diagrams used for?

A

To show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an objet in a given situation

96
Q

What is used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an objet in a given situation?

A

A free body diagram

97
Q

What does a free body diagram show all the forces acting upon?

A

One object

98
Q

What’s the purpose of a free body diagram?

A

To make it easier to calculate the effects of forces on an object

99
Q

What does the size of the arrow show on a free body diagram?

A

The magnitude of the force

100
Q

What shows the magnitude of a force on a free body diagram?

A

The size of the arrow

101
Q

What does the direction of the arrow show on a free body diagram?

A

The direction of the force

102
Q

What shows the direction of the force on a free body diagram?

A

The direction of the arrow

103
Q

What do we do to all of the forces on a free body diagram?

A

Label them to indicate the type of force

104
Q

What is the general structure of a free body diagram ?

A

A box with arrows going outwards

105
Q

In which direction does the applied force go on a free body diagram?

A

To the right

106
Q

Which forces do we draw on a free body diagram?

A

The most affecting forces

107
Q

How can we see if an object is moving at constant velocity on a free body diagram and why?

A

The arrows are the same size, meaning there’s no net force

108
Q

How can we tell when there’s no net force on a free body diagram? What does this mean?

A

When the sizes of the arrows are the same - it’s moving at constant velocity

109
Q

Describe the forces when an object is moving at constant velocity

A

No net force

110
Q

What do forces tell us ?

A

What our accelerations are

111
Q

What do forces NOT tell us?

A

What our velocities are

112
Q

Do forces tell us our accelerations or velocities?

A

Accelerations

113
Q

Does a larger force in a particular direction mean that an object is travelling in that direction? Why?

A

No
Forces tell us what our acceleration is, not velocity

114
Q

Newton’s 1st law

A

Every object remains in a state of motion in a straight line at constant speed unless an external force acts upon it, forcing it to change

115
Q

What’s “every object remains in a state of motion in a straight line at constant speed unless an external force acts upon it, forcing it to change”?

A

Newton’s 1st law

116
Q

What does an object do if its resultant force i 0N?

A

Remains stationary or continues moving at a constant velocity

117
Q

What’s the resultant force on an object if its remaining stationary or is moving at a constant velocity?

A

0N

118
Q

What do unbalanced forces do?

A

Cause a change in the motion of a body

119
Q

What causes a change in the motion of a body?

A

Unbalanced forces

120
Q

Describe the motion an object remains in unless acted on by an external force under Newton’s 1st law

A

In a straight line, at constant speed

121
Q

Newton’s 2nd law

A

The rate of change of momentum of an object is in proportion to the amount of force acting upon it and the direction of this force

Force = mass x acceleration (ΣF=ma)

122
Q

Whats ‘The rate of change of momentum of an object is in proportion to the amount of force acting upon it and the direction of this force’?

A

Newton’s 2nd law

123
Q

What is the rate of change of momentum of an object in proportion to? According to what?

A

The amount of force acting upon it and the direction of the force
Newton’s 2nd law

124
Q

What’s the rate of change of momentum’s relationship to the amount of force acting upon it and the direction of this force? According to what?

A

In proportion
Newton’s 2nd law

125
Q

Equation for Newton’s 2nd law

A

Force = mass x acceleration

ΣF = ma

126
Q

What is ΣF=ma the equation for and what does it stand for?

A

Newton’s 2nd law
Force = mass x acceleration

127
Q

Newton’s 3rd law

A

If object A exerts a force on object B, then B exerts an equal (in size) but opposite (in direction) force on object A

128
Q

What’s ‘If object A exerts a force on object B, then B exerts an equal (in size) but opposite (in direction) force on object A’?

A

Newton’s 3rd law

129
Q

What do we always label first on a free body diagram?

A

Weight

130
Q

Which force isn’t present on ice?

A

Friction

131
Q

On what type of surface is friction not present?

A

Ice

132
Q

Is there applied force when an object is sliding in a specific direction? Why?

A

No - there’s nothing actually touching the object

133
Q

Which force isn’t present when an object is sliding in a certain direction? Why?

A

Applied as there’s nothing actually touching the object

134
Q

If something is in the air and we’re told to ignore air resistance, what are the forces acting on an object?

A

Only weight

135
Q

When is the only force acting on an object its weight?

A

When it’s in the air and we’re told to ignore air resistance

136
Q

How do we label air resistance?

A

Remember it’s always in the opposite direction of motion

137
Q

Name a particular type of applied force

A

Buoyancy

138
Q

Buoyancy

A

A particular type of applied force, when something floats

139
Q

What type of force is buoyancy?

A

Applied

140
Q

In which direction does the normal force always act?

A

Not straight up - 90 degrees to the surface

141
Q

Which force doesn’t always act straight up - which direction is it therefore?

A

Normal force - always 90 degrees to the surface

142
Q

Fres meaning

A

Frictional force

143
Q

What’s the difference between using Fair resistance and Fdrag?

A

Fair resistance - 2 solids
Fdrag - fluids, air…

144
Q

Which notation for the air resistance force is used for 2 solids?

A

Fresistance

145
Q

Which notation for the air resistance force is for fluids, air…

A

Fdrag

146
Q

Fair resistance notation - what’s it for?

A

2 solids

147
Q

Fdrag air resistance notation - what’s it used for?

A

Fluids, air…

148
Q

In which direction is the spring force?

A

Always in the direction of the spring

149
Q

Which force is always in the direction of a spring?

A

Spring force

150
Q

Symbol for momentum

A

p

151
Q

p symbol meaning

A

Momentum

152
Q

What is momentum?

A

The product of an objects mass and velocity

153
Q

The product of an objects mass and velocity

A

Momentum

154
Q

Momentum unit

A

Kgms^-1

155
Q

What type of quantity is momentum and why?

A

Vector quantity, as velocity is too

156
Q

What happens to the value of momentum if it’s in the opposite direction of another object?

A

Becomes negative

157
Q

When does momentum become negative?

A

When in the opposite direction

158
Q

Equation for linear momentum

A

p =mv
(Momentum = mass x velocity)

159
Q

p = mv equation

A

Momentum
(Mass x velocity)

160
Q

How can Newton’s second law be written in order for us to receive “impulse”?

A

F = ma
a = Δv
——
Δt
F = m x Δv
——
Δt
F x Δt = m x Δv
(F x Δt = impulse)

161
Q

Impulse formula

A

F x Δt

162
Q

Define the sections of the other way to write Newton’s second law

A

m x Δv
A change in momentum which happens when something’s velocity changes
F x Δt
The force that causes this change in momentum multiplied by the time taken for the change

163
Q

What does impulse represent?

A

Change in momentum

164
Q

Impulse formula

A

F x Δt

165
Q

F x Δt

A

Impulse

166
Q

What type of quantity is impulse and why?

A

Vector quantity as velocity is also one

167
Q

What’s the difference in being able to use the new way of writing Newton’s second law?

A

Can now apply to situations where a change in mass as well as a change in velocity occurs

168
Q

Equation to use for Newton’s second law when the mass a well as velocity changes

A

F x Δt = m x Δv

169
Q

Impulse unit

A

N

170
Q

Definition of a Newton

A

The force which causes a rate of change of momentum of one kilogram metre per second per second (N)

171
Q

The force which causes a rate of change of momentum of one kilogram metre per second per second

A

Newton

172
Q

N actual units

A

Kgms-2

173
Q

What does Newton’s second law state?

A

When a resultant external force acts on a body, it is accelerated in the direction of the force; the magnitude of the acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body
(F = ma)

174
Q

What is directly proportional under Newton’s second law?

A

Magnitude of the acceleration and the force

175
Q

What is inversely proportional under Newton’s second law?

A

Mass and acceleration

176
Q

When is a body accelerated in the direction of a force?

A

When a resultant force acts on a body

177
Q

Why does the Kgms-2 unit stand for N?

A

F = ma
Kgms-2 = kg x ms-2
(Force is defined by these laws)

178
Q

What’s the alternative way of looking at Newton’s second law?

A

F = mv - mu
————. (=ma)
Time taken

179
Q

F = mv - mu
————. (=ma)
Time taken

Which other equation make this one make sense?

A

a = (v-u)
——
t

180
Q

What type of quantity is momentum?

A

A conserved quantity

181
Q

Express, in a sentence, how momentum is conserved during an incident

A

“The sum of the momenta before an incident is equal to the sum of the momenta after the incident, provided that no external forces act”

182
Q

Under which conditions is the sum of the momenta before an incident equal to the sum of the momenta after the incident?

A

No external forces acting

183
Q

What is the “incident” in which momentum is conserved?

A

A collision

184
Q

Equation to express the conservation of momentum during a collision

A

Momentum before collision = momentum after collision
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

185
Q

What does m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 represent?

A

The conservation of momentum
(Momentum before collision = momentum after collision)

186
Q

Elastic collisions

A

When two objects collide and then travel independently of each other and there’s no loss of kinetic energy

187
Q

When two objects collide and then travel independently of each other

A

Elastic collisions

188
Q

What happens to kinetic energy during elastic collisions?

A

No loss of kinetic energy

189
Q

Express the kinetic energy in an elastic collision in a worded equation

A

The sum of the KE before the collision = the sum of the KE after the collision

190
Q

Which type of collision causes no loss of kinetic energy?

A

Elastic collisions

191
Q

Which equation do we use for elastic collisions?

A

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

192
Q

How can we check if a collision is elastic?

A

Calculate the sum of kinetic energy before and after the collision to check if its elastic

193
Q

What type of quantity is kinetic energy?

A

Scalar

194
Q

Kinetic energy equation

A

E = 1/2mv^2

195
Q

Inelastic collisions

A

When particles collide and become stuck together and there’s loss on kinetic energy

196
Q

When particles collide and become stuck together

A

Inelastic collisions

197
Q

Which type of collision causes a loss of kinetic energy?

A

Inelastic collisions

198
Q

What happens to the equation we use with Inelastic collisions and why?

A

Is modified since the final velocity is the same on both sides

199
Q

Equation for Inelastic collisions

A

m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v

200
Q

How do we prove that a collision is Inelastic?

A

Show that the sum of the KE after the collision is less than the sum for the KE before the collision

201
Q

Which force does Newton’s second law calculate?

A

The resultant

202
Q

Are momentum and newton’s units the same?

A

No
Momentum - kgms^-1
Newton - kgms^-2

203
Q

If something is collided into, what is its initial velocity?

A

0ms^-1

204
Q

What is the principle of conservation of momentum?

A

The sum of the momenta before an incident is equal to the sum of the momenta after the incident - provided that no external forces act

205
Q

What do we need to remember if doing momentum questions and thing that’s being collided into is moving towards the thing colliding into it?

A

Velocity is a vector, so it has direction and will need to be negative if moving left

206
Q

Describe Newton’s second law in terms of momentum

A

A body’s rate of change of momentum is proportional to the resultant force acting upon it

F = change in momentum
——————————
change in time

207
Q

When must you multiply uncertainty by 2?

A

If it’s squared in the formula

208
Q

What must you do to uncertainty if it’s squared in a formula?

A

x2

209
Q

When do we add % uncertainties and when do we add absolute uncertainties?

A

Adding or subtracting - add ABSOLUTE uncertainties
Multiplying or dividing - add PERCENTAGE uncertainties

210
Q

What will happen to a boat when a ball is caught on the opposite side to the side it was thrown from and why?

A

The boat will decelerate and eventually come to rest again - force in the opposite direction, conservation of momentum

211
Q

Describe the force if something accelerates uniformly

A

Constant force forward

212
Q

Describe the force is something decelerated uniformly

A

Constant force backwards

A level Physics (29 decks)

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