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A level Physics > Unit 1.1 - Basic Physics > Flashcards

Unit 1.1 - Basic Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What includes the 7 basic units?

A

The SI system

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2
Q

What does the SI system stand for?

A

Systems Internationale d’Unites

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3
Q

What can all units be derived from?

A

The 7 basic units of the SI system

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4
Q

What’s good about the 7 basic units of the SI system?

A

-Have been agreed internationally
-Do not vary over time
-All can be reproduced by observing physical phenomena

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5
Q

What can all the 7 basic units be observed using?

A

Physical phenomena

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6
Q

Which one of the 7 basic units of the SI system is an exception? Why?

A

Mass
-the kilogram is based on a prototype kept in Paris (a lump of metal - “the big K”)
-the only one with a prefix in its name (for historical reasons)

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7
Q

What is the kilogram based on?

A

A prototype kept in Paris - the lump of metal known as the “big K”

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8
Q

Which is the only basic unit with a prefix in its name and why?

A

The kilogram (kilo) for historical reasons

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9
Q

Mass symbol, basic unit and symbol

A

m, kilogram, kg

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10
Q

Length symbol, basic unit and symbol

A

l, metre, m

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11
Q

Time symbol, basic unit and symbol

A

t, second, s

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12
Q

Temperature symbol, basic unit and symbol

A

T, Kelvin, K

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13
Q

Electric current symbol, basic unit and symbol

A

l, ampere, A

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14
Q

Amount of substance symbol, basic unit and symbol

A

n, mole, mol

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15
Q

Electric current symbol

A

l

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16
Q

What’s the new way we’re calculating the kg as the unit of the big k has previously changed over time?

A

Pure silicon with 1 isotope - can calculate the amount of atoms in it

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17
Q

Why do we use Kelvin for temperature as the basic unit?

A

It goes down to absolute zero

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18
Q

What IS a metre?

A

The length travelled by light in a vacuum during 1 ÷ the speed of light

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19
Q

What are the derived units made up of?

A

The basic units

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20
Q

Area symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

A, square metre, m2

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21
Q

Volume symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

V, cubic metre, m3

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22
Q

Density symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

d, kilogram per cubic metre, kgm-3

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23
Q

Velocity symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

v, metre per second, ms-1

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24
Q

Acceleration symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

a, metre per second squared, ms-2

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25
Q

Momentum symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

p, kilogram metre per second, kgms-1

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26
Q

Show why area and volume’s units are what they are

A

Area - m x m = m2
Volume - m x m x m =m3

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27
Q

What’s p the symbol for?

A

Momentum

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28
Q

What’s l the symbol for?

A

Length OR electric current

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29
Q

What’s v the symbol for?

A

Velocity (big V is volume)

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30
Q

What is kilogram metre per second?

A

Momentum

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31
Q

What is metres per second squared?

A

Acceleration

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32
Q

What is kilogram per cubic metre?

A

Density

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33
Q

What do amperes measure?

A

Electric current

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34
Q

Why are some units given a special name?

A

They appear complicated if the basic units are shown

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35
Q

Force symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

F, newton, N

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36
Q

Pressure symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

P, pascal, Pa

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37
Q

Energy symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

E, joule, J

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38
Q

Work symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

E, joule, J

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39
Q

Power symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

P, watt, W

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40
Q

Frequency symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

f, Hertz, Hz

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41
Q

Electric charge symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

Q, coulomb, C

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42
Q

Resistance symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

R, ohm, Ω

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43
Q

Electromotive force symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

E, volt, V

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44
Q

Potential difference symbol, derived unit name and symbol

A

V, volt, V

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45
Q

Coulomb (C) quantity name and symbol

A

Electric charge (Q)

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46
Q

Ohm quantity name and symbol

A

Resistance (R)

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47
Q

Hertz (Hz) quantity name and symbol

A

Frequency (f)

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48
Q

Pascal (Pa) quantity name and symbol

A

Pressure (P)

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49
Q

Newton (N) quantity name an symbol

A

Force (F)

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50
Q

Volt (v) quantity name and symbol

A

-Electromotive force (E)
-Potential difference (V)

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51
Q

Why do we use prefixes?

A

More convenient and quicker to use than standard form

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52
Q

Which multiples are used in Physics?

A

Multiples of 1000 generally (usually in 3 times table)

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53
Q

Homogeneity

A

The equation is the same throughout - same units on both sides

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54
Q

What’s the term for an equation being the same throughout?

A

Homogeneity

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55
Q

What do we use to represent a physical quantity? (give an example)

A

2kg
2 - numerical magnitude
Kg - unit abbreviation

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56
Q

What does a quantity stand for when it’s represented by a symbol? Give an example

A

A number AND a unit
E.g - m for mass

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57
Q

What do we call the process of finding the unit of quantity in an equation?

A

Quantity algebra

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58
Q

Quantity algebra

A

Finding out the unit of the quantity

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59
Q

How can we test to see if an incorrect mathematical equation has been used?

A

The unit for the required quantity shows up as being wrong

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60
Q

Which quantity do we need to be careful with in quantity algebra?

A

Mass with kg
If given n grams, we need to change it to kg - always go with the base unit!

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61
Q

Force symbol and worded equation (including unit symbols)

A

F = ma
Force (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (ms-2)

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62
Q

Force’s derived unit expressed as its base units

A

N = kgms-2

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63
Q

Energy’s derived unit expressed as its base units

A

E = kgm2s-2

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64
Q

Power’s derived units expressed as base units

A

P = kgm2s-3

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65
Q

Work done symbol and worded equation (including unit symbols)

A

E = fd
Work done/energy (J) = force (N) x distance (m)

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66
Q

Kinetic energy symbol and worded equation (including unit symbols)

A

E = 0.5mv^2
Kinetic energy (J) = 0.5 x mass (kg) x (velocity (ms-1)^2

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67
Q

Potential energy symbol and worded equation (including unit symbols)

A

E = mgh
Potential energy (J) = mass (kg) x g (ms-2) x height (m)

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68
Q

Power symbol and worded equation (including unit symbols)

A

P = E
—
t
Power (W) = Energy (E)
————
Time (s)

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69
Q

What do all energy equations (what are they?) come down to and why?

A

Work done, kinetic energy and potential energy
All come down to the same base units
All measured in joules (J)

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70
Q

Frequency symbol and actual basic units

A

Hz, s-1

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71
Q

Do numbers have units?

A

No

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72
Q

what do we do if units are squared?

A

Square each individual base unit too

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73
Q

What is weight measured in?

A

Newtons

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74
Q

What doesn’t homogeneity show us?

A

Whether any of the units are constants

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75
Q

How do you work out the unit of a constant?

A

Make it the subject and literally work it out as if they were normal numbers (e.g - divided, the indices minus)
Then, cancel the relevant things and whatever’s left is the unit

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76
Q

Scalar

A

Only size

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77
Q

Vector

A

Size AND direction

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78
Q

8 examples of scalar quantities

A

Mass
Speed
Current
Distance
Mole
Density
Time
Pressure

79
Q

5 examples of vector quantities

A

Force
Velocity
Acceleration
Displacement
Weight

80
Q

Is displacement a vector or scalar measurement?

A

Vector

81
Q

Is force a vector or scalar measurement?

A

Vector

82
Q

Is pressure a vector is scalar measurement?

A

Scalar

83
Q

Is current a vector or scalar measurement?

A

Scalar

84
Q

How do we add scalar quantities?

A

Very easy - literally just add them for the total

85
Q

What do we call the vector sum?

A

Resultant

86
Q

What do we have to write for the resultant if directions are involved?

A

Say which direction it’s to

87
Q

What does a free body diagram show?

A

The object as a point with all of the forces acting on it labelled in their respective directions

88
Q

Directions and names of the forces for a free body diagram of an aeroplane

A

Up - lift
Down - weight
Right - thrust
Left - drag

89
Q

What is the resultant if lift=weight?

A

The difference between Thrust and Drag (easy)

90
Q

When do vectors start getting a little more complicated?

A

When the left and right (e.g - thrust and drag) and up and down (e.g - lift and weight) forces are not equal and we cannot simply calculate the difference between them

91
Q

What would happen to a plane if its thust force is higher than its drag and its lift force is higher than its weight?

A

It travels upwards, to the right, which is the resultant

92
Q

What can we do to vectors and why is this useful?

A

Move them independently to form right angled triangles so that we can use…
-Pythagoras theorem for the size of resultant
-Tan function for the direction of the resultant

93
Q

What do we use for calculating the size of the resultant?

A

Pythagoras theorem

94
Q

What do we use for calculating the direction of the resultant?

A

The Tan function (trigonometry) - remember you can move vectors independently to form right angled triangles!

95
Q

How do we find out the horizontal and vertical components of a vector?

A

Use trigonometry!

96
Q

What do we do if we get 2 non horizontal or vertical vectors?

A

Resolve the vector by finding out the vertical and horizontal components that make it up

97
Q

What units do we use for the horizontal and vertical components?

A

The same as the resultant!

98
Q

How do we get the initial velocity?

A

We need to know the vertical and horizontal velocities

99
Q

What do we need to say about our direction of a vector if there’s no diagram?

A

What direction it is from the horizontal (eg. up from the horizontal)

100
Q

What do need to put if we’re calculating a vector?

A

Both the resultant and the direction

101
Q

Define work

A

W=Fd
(Distance travelled in the direction of the force)

102
Q

What do we do to forces in the same direction?

A

Add them together

103
Q

Coplanar vectors

A

Vectors which are acting on the same plane as each other

104
Q

Vectors which are acting on the same plane as each other

A

Coplanar vectors

105
Q

What type of quantity is weight?

A

Vector

106
Q

What’s the word we should use for size when referring to scalar and vector?

A

Magnitude

107
Q

Density

A

The amount of mass/matter that fits in a given volume

108
Q

Density formula

A

P=m
—
V
(mass divided by volume)

109
Q

What’s the symbol for density and what is this?

A

P
(rho, the greek “r”)

110
Q

Density unit

A

kgm-3

111
Q

Volume unit

A

m^3

112
Q

Mass unit

A

kg

113
Q

What is density usually part of? Give an example

A

Another question, for example…

To calculate the mass of water passing through a turbine to produce electricity
-density of water and volume per second would give the mass per second

114
Q

What quantities would we need to calculate the mass of water passing through a turbine?

A

-Density of water
-Volume per second

115
Q

1cm^3 in m^3

A

1cm^3 = 1
—
100^3

1x10-6m^3

116
Q

1ml in cm^3

A

1cm^3

117
Q

1cm^3 in ml

A

1ml

118
Q

1gcm^-3 to kgm^-3

A

1000 kgm^-3
(so weirdly, if the answer is in gcm-3, you MULTIPLY by 1000 to get it in kgcm-3)

119
Q

How do you convert from gcm-3 to kgm-3?

A

Multiply by 1000

120
Q

What can you do with two quantities that have the same units (proven to be homogeneous)?

A

Add/subtract them

121
Q

Additional scalar quantities from the textbook

A

Volume
Area
Work
Energy (all forms)
Power
Resistance
Refractive index
Temperature
Potential
Electric charge

122
Q

Additional vector quantity from textbook

A

Momentum

123
Q

What’s the word for finding the components of a force?

A

Resolving

124
Q

If in a density question, the volume is given in cm3 and the density in kgm-3, what can we do?

A

Either…
-Convert the volume using 1cm3 = 1x10-6m-3
-Convert the density using 10gcm-3 = 1000kgm-3

125
Q

Equilibrium

A

The turning effect of a force

126
Q

What happens when a force acts at a distance from a pivot?

A

Its effect is amplified - given a mechanical advantage

127
Q

When is the effect on a lever amplified?

A

When a force acts at a distance from a pivot

128
Q

What type of advantage is given when the distance from the pivot has increased?

A

Mechanical

129
Q

What is the principal behind levers?

A

Equilibrium

130
Q

What is equilibrium the principal behind?

A

Levers

131
Q

Moment

A

The size of the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance to the line of action of the force from the pivot
Fx

132
Q

Moment equation

A

Fx

133
Q

Moments symbol

A

(They don’t have one)

134
Q

Do moments have a direction?

A

Yes, but don’t call it a vector!

135
Q

What is the formula of a moment if the force acts at an angle?

A

Fxcos0 (theta)

136
Q

What are the conditions for equilibrium?

A

The vector sum of all the forces = 0
The vector sum of all the moments about the same point = 0

137
Q

What are the conditions that the vector sum of all of the forces =0 and the vector sum of all the moments =0?

A

Conditions for equilibrium

138
Q

What would happen to an object if the condition for equilibrium that the vector sum of all the moments = 0 was not true?

A

It would rotate at an accelerating rate

139
Q

When would an object rotate at an accelerating rate?

A

If the condition for equilibrium that the vector sum of the moments = 0 was untrue

140
Q

If there are no moments, where are all the forces acting?

A

On the centre of gravity

141
Q

What ones it mean if all the forces are acting on the centre of gravity?

A

There are no moments

142
Q

Centre of gravity

A

The point at which the whole weight of the object may be considered to act

143
Q

What is the point at which the whole weight of an object may be considered to act?

A

Its centre of gravity

144
Q

If a finger were holding up a ruler, what would the two forces be?

A

Reaction force of finger
Weight of ruler

145
Q

When a ruler balancing on a finger is in rotational equilibrium, what does every particle of the ruler have?

A

A corresponding particle an equal distance from the midpoint, on the other side

146
Q

When is an object in rotational equilibrium?

A

When the object is not rotating or rotating in 1 direction at a constant rate

147
Q

If an object is not rotating or is rotating in 1 direction at a constant rate, what is it in?

A

Rotational equilibrium

148
Q

Write an equation for the moments when an object is in equilibrium

A

Σclockwise moments = Σanticlockwise moments

149
Q

Σ meaning

A

Capital sigma - “sum of”

150
Q

What is an object in if Σclockwise moments = Σanticlockwise moments?

A

Rotational equilibrium

151
Q

Where is the centre of gravity located?

A

-A point here the sum of moments is zero
-Where the whole weight of the body acts

152
Q

Where does an object balance?

A

On the pivot

153
Q

Pivot

A

Where the object balances

154
Q

What complicates a question where we’d otherwise only have to multiply the size of the force by the perpendicular distance to the line of action of the force/pivot?

A

The objects’ mass

155
Q

How do we calculate an objects’ weight?

A

Mass x gravitational field strength

156
Q

Normal reaction force

A

Acts at right angles to the surface when an object at rest exerts a force on the surface
(Upwards from the ground arrow)

157
Q

What’s the name of the force that acts at right angles to the surface when an object at rest exerts a force on the surface?

A

Normal reaction force

158
Q

What is the normal reaction force equal to?

A

The downward forces

159
Q

In our balancing beam example, where would the normal reaction force come from?

A

The pivot

160
Q

What is a cue that the weight of the object can be labelled from the middle?

A

‘Uniform’ object, as this means that the weight is the same throughout

161
Q

What can we confidently do when an object is described as ‘uniform’?

A

Label its weight in the middle as this means that the weight is the same throughout

162
Q

How do we know whether an object will topple over or not?

A

If the COG is within the footprint, it’s stable.
If not, it’ll topple.

163
Q

Moments unit

A

NM (newton metres)

164
Q

What does a body NOT have when in equilibrium?

A

A resultant moment or force

165
Q

What does the equilibrium condition that the vector sum of the moments is zero actually mean and what’s a phrase for this?

A

Clockwise moments = anti-clockwise moments
Principle of moments

166
Q

Principle of moments

A

The vector sum of all the moments = 0
(clockwise moments = anti-clockwise moments)

167
Q

Principle of moments

A

The vector sum of all the moments = 0
(clockwise moments = anti-clockwise moments)

168
Q

What are we assuming if we label the centre of gravity of a shape in the middle?

A

That it’s of uniform density

169
Q

How do we calculate the centre of gravity of a more complex shape?

A

Hang it up- the CoG will fall directly underneath how it hangs.
Repeat hanging until all the lines cross to make a clear point

170
Q

What do we use to represent g in W=mg to calculate weight?

A

9.81Nkg-1 (on data booklet)

171
Q

What does a closed triangle of vectors represent?

A

That the forces are in equilibrium and balance, therefore the object’s moving at a constant velocity

172
Q

If a rope is being used to pull a boat, is it better to use a longer or shorter rope? Why?

A

A long rope, as there’s a greater component in the direction of motion

173
Q

Where does an object’s weight act?

A

Vertically down towards the centre of the Earth

174
Q

Principle of moments

A

For an object in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anti-clockwise moments

175
Q

What do you call the rule that covers - for an object in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anti-clockwise moments?

A

Principle of moments

176
Q

How do we know which force is the one balancing out another?

A

On the opposite side to that one

177
Q

How do we wok out the weight of an object based off of the other forces present?

A

-Add the vertical upwards components (don’t have to include any diagonals/resultants)
-Downward weight force is equal to this

178
Q

What do we do if explaining why something such as pi or a number has no unit?

A

Follow the same method for working out what somethings unit is

179
Q

What do we do if there are two unknown forces and were asked to take moments from a “suitable point”?

A

Take moments from the pivot underneath the opposite to the force being calculated in order to eliminate its affect

180
Q

What’s it important to consider when calculating moments about a point?

A

Its weight

181
Q

Which angle do we use for FxCos0 with moments about a point?

A

The angle from the direction it’s pointing (e.g. - upwards or downwards)

182
Q

If a particular force moves close to the pivot, what happens to the value of the pivot?

A

Increases in order to counteract the increased downward moment as the distance has increased

183
Q

How do you calculate the angle at which a cylinder would topple?

A

Tan (O) = d
—
l

184
Q

When would the moments about the pivot be zero and why?

A

Directly above or directly underneath, as the perpendicular distance from it is zero

185
Q

In which direction does weight act?

A

Vertically down towards the centre of the Earth, every time!!

186
Q

How do you get the final uncertainty of a value in a table?

A

Range
——— = absolute uncertainty
2

Absolute uncertainty
—————————— x100 = % uncertainty
mean

% uncertainty of value = final answer

187
Q

What should always be included at the end of a homogeneity question?

A

LHS=RHS

188
Q

Is a force greater with a bigger or smaller angle?

A

Smaller angle (think of the equation)

189
Q

Why would a block that’s being tilted right return to its upright position ?

A

The weight will still give a counter clockwise moment, which will cause the block to right itself

190
Q

What does increasing the angle at which a projectile is thrown do to the horizontal velocity?

A

Decreases it

191
Q

What’s vital to do in a moments question involving angles?

A

Work out all the sides as use these as distances
(We want perpendicular distances)

192
Q

Which quantity could be negative when using equations for uniformly accelerated motion and under which circumstance?

A

Acceleration
When moving in the opposite direction to that set as positive

193
Q

How do you go from cm2 to m2?

A

Divide by 100^2

A level Physics (29 decks)

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