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A level Physics > Unit 1.2 - Kinematics > Flashcards

Unit 1.2 - Kinematics Flashcards

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1
Q

Displacement

A

The shortest distance from A to B along with direction
(The vector that corresponds to that distance)

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2
Q

Displacement unit

A

m

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3
Q

What’s the difference between displacement and distance?

A

Displacement has a positive and a negative, meaning they can cancel out
(Displacement is a vector)

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4
Q

Average speed

A

Total distance travelled divided by the total time taken

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5
Q

Instantaneous

A

In an instant

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6
Q

Instantaneous speed

A

The rate of change of distance

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7
Q

Speed unit

A

ms-1

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8
Q

Instantaneous speed on a graph

A

Gradient of the tangent of the distance-time graph at a given point

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9
Q

Average velocity

A

Total displacement travelled divided by the total time taken

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10
Q

Instantaneous velocity

A

The rate of change of displacement

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11
Q

Velocity unit

A

ms-1

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12
Q

Velocity on a graph

A

Gradient of the tangent on a displacement - time graph at a given point

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13
Q

Average acceleration

A

The change in velocity divided by the time taken for the change

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14
Q

Change in velocity

A

V - u

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15
Q

Instantaneous acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity

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16
Q

Velocity unit

A

ms-2

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17
Q

Acceleration on a graph

A

Gradient of the tangent of the velocity-time graph at a given point

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18
Q

Symbol for displacement

A

x

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19
Q

How do we know if displacement is directly proportional to time on a graph?

A

Straight line through the origin

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20
Q

What does it mean if we have a straight one through the origin on a displacement-time graph?

A

Displacement is directly proportional to time
= the cars are moving at constant acceleration

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21
Q

When would we know if the cars are moving at constant acceleration on a displacement-time graph?

A

With a straight line through the origin that shows displacement is directly proportional to time

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22
Q

If a line is steeper than another on a displacement-time graph, what does it mean?

A

It has a higher constant velocity

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23
Q

What do we need to remember about the axes of the displacement-time graph?

A

As it’s a vector, it has both a positive and a negative

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24
Q

What does a flat line on a displacement-time graph tell us?

A

Gradient = 0
Velocity = 0
Body is stationary

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25
Q

When would we know that a body is stationary on a displacement-time graph?

A

With a flat line, as the gradient is zero, so the velocity is zero

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26
Q

What does a curve on a displacement-time graph show us in terms of proportions?

A

Displacement is increasing with time (a curve going up) but is not proportional to it

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27
Q

What does a gradient on a displacement-time graph show us?

A

Gradient = increasing and getting steeper (varying)
Rate of change of velocity = increasing
=accelerating

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28
Q

What does it mean that a gradient is varying?

A

Getting steeper

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29
Q

What would we see on a displacement-time graph to know that an object is accelerating?

A

A curve - gradient increasing
Velocity increasing
=acceleration

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30
Q

Velocity symbol

A

v

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31
Q

Which type of graphs are used to derive equations to describe the motion of objects that are subject to constant acceleration?

A

Velocity-time

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32
Q

What are velocity time graphs used for?

A

to derive equations to describe the motion of objects that are subject to constant acceleration (e.g - gravity)

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33
Q

Give an example of an object which is subject to constant acceleration

A

Gravity

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34
Q

What is gravity subject to?

A

Constant acceleration

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35
Q

What does a straight line through the origin of a velocity-time graph show?

A

That velocity is directly proportional to time
=Constant acceleration

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36
Q

How do we know if an object is in constant acceleration on a velocity-time graph?

A

Straight line through the origin = velocity is directly proportional to time

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37
Q

Type of graph for acceleration

A

Velocity-time

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38
Q

Type of graph for velocity

A

Displacement-time

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39
Q

What does it show us if a line is steeper than another on a velocity-time graph?

A

Higher constant acceleration

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40
Q

What do we need to remember when calculating acceleration on a velocity-time graph?

A

If the line goes down, use a negative in the equation

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41
Q

What does a flat line show on a velocity-time graph?

A

Gradient = 0
Acceleration = 0
Body moves at a constant velocity

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42
Q

What would show a body moving at a constant velocity on a velocity-time graph?

A

Flat line = gradient is zero
=Acceleration is zero

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43
Q

What do we need to remember about the axes of a velocity-time graph?

A

Have a positive and a negative - velocity is a vector

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44
Q

On which type of graph can we use the area under it to calculate the distance travelled?

A

Velocity-time
(and speed-time)

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45
Q

What does the area under a velocity-time graph show us?

A

Displacement
(NOT distance)

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46
Q

How do we calculate the distance travelled on a velocity-time graph?

A

Area underneath

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47
Q

What does a curve on a velocity-time graph show us?

A

(curve upwards)
Increasing gradient = increasing acceleration
Curve = not constant

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48
Q

What does the line on an acceleration-time graph show when throwing a ball into the air and why?

A

A straight, flat line at -9.81
Gravity, which is the force acting upon it, always acts downwards (negative) and is subject to constant acceleration

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49
Q

What does a velocity-time graph show when throwing a ball into the air and why?

A

A straight diagonal line that passes through the middle at t divided by 2
Straight line - gravity is constant
Negative displacement - travelling in the opposite direction

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50
Q

What does negative displacement show on a velocity-time graph?

A

Travelling in the opposite direction

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51
Q

What shows travelling in the opposite direction on a velocity-time graph?

A

Negative displacement

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52
Q

What shows travelling in the same direction on a displacement-time graph?

A

Journey up and down are the same after half way - mirror image

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53
Q

What would a displacement-time graph show when throwing a ball into the air and why?

A

A mirror image line, with the journey up and down the same after t divided by 2
The ball returned to its starting position - the journey up and down were the same

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54
Q

Gradient on a speed-time graph

A

Acceleration at any point

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55
Q

Area underneath a speed-time graph

A

Distance travelled

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56
Q

Acceleration symbol

A

a

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57
Q

What does a flat line on an acceleration-time graph represent?

A

Constant accleration

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58
Q

What represents constant acceleration on an acceleration-time graph?

A

A flat line

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59
Q

What can the direction of displacement be?

A

An angle
A bearing
“Up”, “down”
e.t.c…

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60
Q

What is a ball’s velocity at the top, just before falling?

A

Zero

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61
Q

When is a ball at its highest point?

A

When the velocity is zero

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62
Q

What type of graph do we use to derive equations of motion for uniform acceleration?

A

Velocity-time

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63
Q

What’s a velocity-time graph used for?

A

Deriving the equations of motion for uniform acceleration

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64
Q

What can the 4 equation of motion be used for?

A

Solving problems involving uniform acceleration

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65
Q

What type of acceleration can the equations of motion be used for?

A

Uniform acceleration

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66
Q

Uniform acceleration

A

An object’s velocity increasing at a constant rate

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67
Q

An object’s velocity increasing at a constant rate

A

Uniform acceleration

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68
Q

x symbol meaning

A

Displacement

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69
Q

Displacement symbol

A

x

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70
Q

u symbol meaning

A

Initial velocity

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71
Q

Initial velocity symbol

A

u

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72
Q

Final velocity symbol

A

V

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73
Q

V symbol meaning

A

Final velocity

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74
Q

Acceleration symbol

A

a

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75
Q

a symbol meaning

A

Acceleration

76
Q

t symbol meaning

A

Time taken

77
Q

Time taken symbol

A

t

78
Q

Explain how the v = u + at equation of motion is derived

A

the gradient of the velocity-time graph gives us acceleration
(Gradient = change in y
—————
change in x)

gradient = a = v-u
——
t
(re-arrange)
v = u + at

79
Q

Explain how the x = ut + 1/2 at^2 equation of motion is derived

A

the area under the graph gives us displacement
Displacement = x = x = ut + 1/2 (v-u)t
We know from v = u + at that (v-u) is equal to at so…
x = ut + 1/2(at)t
x = ut + 1/2 at^2

80
Q

Explain how the x= 1/2(u+v)t equation of motion is derived

A

The graph shows constant acceleration, so the mean velocity is half the maximum velocity (midway point on the graph)
(the two triangles on either side of the newly drawn line are the same, so we can just workout the area underneath the line!)
Mean = total of values
———————
How many values there are

Area under green line
x = (v+u t
——
2)
(rearrange)
x = 1/2 (u+v)t

81
Q

Explain how the v^2 = u^2 + 2ax equation of motion is derived

A

Derived from equation 1 and 3 (eliminating the term t, time)

v = u + at
(make t the subject)
(v-u
—— = t.
a).

So, we can put this instead of the t in the other equation
x = 1/2 (u + v)t
1/2 (u+v) x (v-u = x
——
a)
x = (u+v)(v-u) FOIL
————
2a
x = uv -u^2 + v^2 -uv
————————
2a
x = -u^2 + v^2\
—————
2a
2ax = -u^2 + v^2
V^2 = u^2 + 2ax

82
Q

When using the equations of motion, what do we need to do?

A

Pick the equation that doesn’t have the first unknown we want to work out in it, then choose another one for the other (try to avoid the quadratic one)

83
Q

What do we need to remember to do in a calculation involving the ut+1/2at^2 equation?

A

Square the half too - put it all in the calculator at once, without brackets!

84
Q

If an object is falling, what is its acceleration?

A

9.81ms-1 (gravity)

85
Q

If an object is hovering, what’s its initial velocity?

A

0

86
Q

When is acceleration to be written as 9.81?

A

when an object is falling, without air resistance (vertical component)

87
Q

Which equation of motion do we try to avoid using and when is it easiest to use?

A

x = ut + 1/2 at^2
(Unless u=0 - it then cancels the first bit out and it’s easy)

88
Q

Under what conditions is the object when we compare the affects of air resistance on it?

A

In a uniform gravitational field

89
Q

When and what is the force acting upon an object without air resistance?

A

Moving up, at the highest point, or moving down
the weight of the body (W) is the only force acting upon it

90
Q

What does an object experience without air resistance and why?

A

Constant acceleration, as the weight of the body is the only force acting upon it

91
Q

Under what conditions does an object experience constant acceleration and why?

A

Without air resistance, as weight is the only force acting upon the object

92
Q

Under which conditions is weight the only force acting upon an object?

A

Without air resistance

93
Q

Describe the gradient of the velocity-time graph when an object is moving without air resistance

A

Constant throughout its rise and fall

94
Q

Under which conditions is the gradient of a velocity-time graph constant throughout its rise and fall?

A

Without air resistance

95
Q

What is an object undergoing if an object is moving without air resistance?

A

Free fall

96
Q

When isn object undergoing free fall?

A

When the gradient of the velocity-time graph is constant throughout its rise and fall, when an object moves without air resistance

97
Q

Which factors reduce acceleration?

A

Air resistance
Friction

98
Q

What do both air resistance and friction do?

A

Reduce acceleration

99
Q

What can we visually see that happens to an object when its thrown in the air and air resistance acts upon it?

A

It travels less far

100
Q

Under which conditions does an object travel less far when thrown?

A

With air resistance

101
Q

What are air resistance and friction forces against?

A

The direction of the object

102
Q

What are the forces against the direction of an object?

A

Air resistance
Friction

103
Q

Describe the line on a velocity-time graph when an object moves with air resistance

A

No longer a straight line
Gradient starts steep and flattens

104
Q

Describe the line of a graph when an object moves…
i.) without air resistance
ii.) with air resistance

A

i.) Gradient is constant throughout its rise and fall
ii.) Not a straight line - gradient starts steep and eventually flattens

105
Q

When an object rises with air resistance, what are the forces acting upon it and in which direction?

A

Air resistance and weight, downwards

106
Q

Under which conditions do both air resistance and weight act on a body and at which stage in its motion?

A

With air resistance, as it moves upwards

107
Q

What does the fact that both air resistance AND weight act downwards on a body as it moves upwards mean for its speed?

A

Speed decreases at a rate faster than 9.81ms-2

108
Q

When does the speed of an object decrease at a rate faster than 9.81ms-2?

A

When an object moves upwards WITH air resistance

109
Q

Compare the time taken to reach maximum height when an object moves
i.) without air resistance
ii.) with air resistance

A

i.) longer time
ii.) shorter time

110
Q

Compare the maximum height reached when an object moves
i.) without air resistance
ii.) with air resistance

A

i.) higher
ii.) lower

111
Q

What happens at the highest point to an object moving with air resistance acting upon it?

A

The body is momentarily at rest
Air resistance is zero
The only force is weight, so the acceleration i 9.81ms-2

112
Q

At which point is an object momentarily at rest when travelling upwards?

A

At the highest point

113
Q

What state is an object in when at its highest point?

A

Momentarily at rest

114
Q

When is the air resistance acting upon an object moving upwards zero?

A

At the highest point

115
Q

What’s the air resistance of an object at its highest point?

A

0

116
Q

When is the only force of an object its weight if its moving with air resistance acting upon it?

A

At the highest point

117
Q

What is the acceleration of an object at its highest point?

A

9.81ms-2

118
Q

At which point is the acceleration of an object 9.81ms-2?

A

At its highest point

119
Q

When does air resistance oppose a body’s weight?

A

As it falls

120
Q

What does air resistance do to a body as it falls?

A

Opposes its weight

121
Q

Describe the acceleration of an object when moving downwards (with air resistance)

A

Less than 9.81ms-2

122
Q

When is the downwards acceleration of an object less than 9.81ms-2?

A

As it falls, and the air resistance opposes its weight

123
Q

What does air resistance increase with?

A

Speed

124
Q

What does speed do to acceleration?

A

Increases it

125
Q

When would there be no resultant force for a falling object?

A

When the air resistance has increased with speed to equal weight in the opposite direction

126
Q

What happens when the air resistance has increased with speed to equal weight in the opposite direction?

A

There’s no resultant force, so the object falls at a constant speed (terminal velocity)

127
Q

What causes an object to fall at a constant speed?

A

Having no resultant force - air resistance equals weight in the opposite direction

128
Q

What causes an object to have no resultant force?

A

Air resistance has increased with speed to eventually equal weight in the opposite direction

129
Q

What speed is an object moving at at terminal velocity?

A

Constant speed

130
Q

What is an object moving at once it’s reached a constant speed when falling?

A

Terminal velocity

131
Q

What do we have to do if we receive discrete ration when using the equations of motion?

A

Input it as a negative value

132
Q

Under which conditions can we apply the equations for uniformly accelerated motion to falling bodies?

A

Without/ignoring air resistance

133
Q

What does every object on Earth have and why?

A

A weight due to the force of gravity

134
Q

What’s the velocity of a ball when it’s at its highest point?

A

0ms-1

135
Q

In which direction does air resistance always act?

A

Opposes the direction of motion

136
Q

What fact makes everything a lot easier when dealing with projectile motion?

A

Vectors that are perpendicular or horizontal are independent of each other
So, we can use them separately when making calculations

137
Q

What is the only force acting on a ball flying through the air when undergoing projectile motion?

A

Gravity

138
Q

Describe the relationship between perpendicular and horizontal vectors

A

Independent of eachother

139
Q

For a ball during projectile motion, what is its vertical…
i.) velocity
ii.) acceleration

A

i.) slows down, then speeds up - becomes negative
ii.) g (9.81ms-2)

140
Q

For a ball during projectile motion, what is its horizontal…
i.) velocity
ii.) acceleration

A

i.) the same
ii.) zero

141
Q

What two things do we have in common for calculations involving projectile motion?

A
  1. The time for the object to reach maximum height is this same as half the total flight time (vertically and horizontally)
  2. The equations for motion for the horizontal part are simple - there’s no acceleration so Vh = Xh divided by tH and tH is the same as (2 x tv)max height
142
Q

What’s the time for an object to reach maximum height during projectile motion? Which direction is this?

A

The same as half the total flight time
Horizontally and vertically

143
Q

What are the equations of motion for the horizontal part during projectile motion?

A

Vh = xh divided by th (horizontal velocity = horizontal displacement divided by horizontal time)

tH = (2 x tv)max height
(The total time taken, horizontally is equal to twice the time taken vertically to reach the maximum height)

144
Q

Why are the equations for the horizontal part simple during projectile motion?

A

Is has no acceleration

145
Q

Which vector uses the simplest equations of motion with projectile motion and why?

A

Horizontal as there’s no acceleration

146
Q

How do you work out the vertical and horizontal components from an initial velocity during projectile motion?

A

Trigonometry

147
Q

Where does Xv go on the projectile motion graph?

A

A straight vertical line down the centre

148
Q

At which point is Vv = 0 during projectile motion?

A

At the highest point

149
Q

What is Vv at the highest point during projectile motion?

A

0ms-1

150
Q

When would acceleration be a negative value when calculating with projectile motion?

A

When it foes to the opposite direction of our positive acceleration

151
Q

What do we need to remember to do if calculating the total time during projectile motion?

A

Calculate the time to the halfway point (using equations of motion vertically)
Multiply by 2 for the total time

152
Q

Range

A

Total horizontal distance

153
Q

Word for total horizontal distance

A

Range

154
Q

What do we need to remember when calculating the range of a ball undergoing projectile motion?

A

The speed was the same throughout, therefore Vh is the same as Uh
We can then use some equations

155
Q

If a ball is being dropped, for example, as our projectile motion, what do we do with our acceleration?

A

It’s easier to make the downwards acceleration positive as we only have one direction

156
Q

Initial velocity vertically from dropping

A

0ms-1

157
Q

Which vector’s initial velocity is zero when dropping an object?

A

Vertical

158
Q

Do we need to double the time if working out the time taken for a ball to drop?

A

No - it’s only going down

159
Q

Is velocity a force?

A

No

160
Q

How do vertical and horizontal times compare in a question where something is falling?

A

The same - it takes the same time to go down as it does to go up

161
Q

In what type of question is the horizontal and vertical time the same?

A

When just falling

162
Q

How would the maximum height a ball reaches be different on Earth than on the moon and why?

A

Lower on Earth
-Stronger force of gravity exists on Earth - reduces the flight time, the max height and range
-Air resistance also reduces it

163
Q

Which factors affect the maximum height a ball could reach on Earth?

A

Air resistance
Force of gravity

164
Q

What does gravity affect on a ball?

A

Reduces flight time, max height and range

165
Q

What do both gravity and air resistance affect on a ball?

A

Its maximum height reached

166
Q

Why are perpendicular directions chosen for resolving vectors?

A

-Need right angled triangles for trigonometry
-Vectors that are perpendicular are independent on each other

167
Q

What type of vectors are independent of each other and form right angled triangles and what does this mean for them?

A

Perpendicular = they’re chosen for resolving vectors

168
Q

What does the area underneath an acceleration time graph represent?

A

Change in velocity

169
Q

Is there air resistance in space? Why?

A

No
No atmosphere
No air
No air resistance

170
Q

What would happen to the time of flight if the horizontal velocity were increased? Why?

A

No effect - time of flight depends on the vertical velocity

171
Q

What does the time of flight depend on?

A

Vertical velocity, not horizontal

172
Q

What does vertical velocity impact that the horizontal velocity doesn’t?

A

The time of flight

173
Q

What do we need to remember when re-arranging x=ut+1/2at^2 equation to get t?

A

Divide by the 9.81 and then the 1/2 afterwards

174
Q

Under which conditions could acceleration by particularly large?

A

When occurring over a small duration

175
Q

Describe acceleration when occurring over a small duration

A

Can be particularly large

176
Q

Does something have a horizontal velocity when it falls?

A

Yes

177
Q

What’s the opposite of 1/2 for the x=ut+1/2at^2 equation?

A

x2

178
Q

What does a projectiles flight time depend on?

A

-drop height
-(initial) vertical velocity
-acceleration due to gravity

179
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

When the resistive forces are equal to the weight of the object, giving zero resultant force

180
Q

What is meant by undergoing free-fall?

A

When the weight of the body is the only force acting on it (force of gravity) and resistive forces are negligible

181
Q

What do you do with velocity if it’s in the opposite direction?

A

Negative velocity

182
Q

Why is the horizontal acceleration of a projectile zero throughout?

A

Gravity acts vertically = no forces

183
Q

Give an example of a situation with a changing velocity but a constant speed

A

Circular motion with a constant speed

184
Q

What do we need to remember about the kinematic equations of an object is decelerating?

A

It should be a negative value

185
Q

What do we do to identify N3 pairs?

A
  1. Type of force (same for both)
  2. Use the definition, inputting “object A” and “B” with those in the question
186
Q

What does air resistance do to the acceleration of a falling object?

A

It’s less than 9.81ms^-2

187
Q

When is velocity negative?

A

When an object is moving backwards

A level Physics (29 decks)

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