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Biopsych > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

1
Q

A behavior that has different forms of that occurs with different probabilities of under different circumstances in male and females

A

Sexually dimorphic behavior

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2
Q

The genetic or physiological characteristics of males and females

A

Sex

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3
Q

Refers to the socially-influenced identity, roles, and/or behavior of an individual as they pertain to male and female identities

A

Gender

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4
Q

A variety of combinations of biologically male and female characteristics, such as an individual born with external female genitalia and internal male sex organs

A

Intersex

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5
Q

A gender identity that does not necessarily correspond to biological sex at birth

A

Transgender

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6
Q

A mature reproductive cell, a sperm or ovum

A

Gamete

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7
Q

Determined by the presences of XX (f) or XY (m) chromosomes

A

Genetic sex

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8
Q

The X and Y chromosomes, which determine and organism’s genetic sex. Typically, XX individuals are female and XY individuals are male

A

Sex chromosome

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9
Q

An ovary or testis

A

Gonad

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10
Q

The gene on the Y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes; official name is sex-determining region Y

A

SRY

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11
Q

The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development

A

Organizational effect (of hormone)

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12
Q

The effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism’s prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones

A

Activational effect (of hormone)

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13
Q

The embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs

A

Mullerian system

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14
Q

The embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs

A

Wolffian system

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15
Q

A peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Mullerian system, which would otherwise become the female internal sex organs

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone

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16
Q

An effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females

A

Defeminizing effect

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17
Q

A male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen

A

Androgen

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18
Q

An effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of males

A

Masculinizing effect

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19
Q

The principal androgen found in males

A

Testosterone

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20
Q

An androgen, produced from testosterone through the action of the enzyme 5alpha reductase

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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21
Q

A condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, causes the development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

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22
Q

A condition caused by a congenital lack of anti-Mullerian hormone or receptors for this hormone; in a male, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs

A

Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

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23
Q

The presence of only one sex chromosome (X); characterized by lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia

A

Turner syndrome

24
Q

A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

25
Q

A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic hormone

26
Q

The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

27
Q

A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

28
Q

A peptide produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus under the control of leptin receptors; essential for initiation of puberty and maintenance of reproductive ability

A

Kisspeptin

29
Q

The principal estrogen of many mammals, including humans

A

Estradiol

30
Q

A class of sex hormones that cause maturation of the female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical features characteristic of females

A

Estrogen

31
Q

The female reproductive cycle of most primates, including humans; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development of a corpus luteum, and (if pregnancy doesn’t occur) menstration

A

Menstrual cycle

32
Q

The female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates

A

Estrous cycle

33
Q

A cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum

A

Ovarian follicule

34
Q

A cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

35
Q

A steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradiol it promotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycles

A

Progesterone

36
Q

A period of time after a particular action (for example, an ejaculation by a male) during which that action cannot occur again

A

Refractory period

37
Q

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the milk ducts, the uterus, and the male ejaculatory system; also serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain

A

Oxytocin

38
Q

A period of sexual receptivity in many female mammals (excluding humans)

A

Estrus

39
Q

A spinal sexual reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals; arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, which elevates the hindquarters

A

Lordosis

40
Q

A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted

A

Pheromone

41
Q

A sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones

A

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

42
Q

A neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives information from the vomeronasal organ

A

Accessory olfactory bulb

43
Q

The slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animals’ urine; first observed in mice

A

Lee-Boot effect

44
Q

The synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of pheromone in a male’s urine

A

Whitten effect

45
Q

The earlier onset of puberty seen in females animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone in the male’s urine; first observed in mice

A

Vandenbergh effect

46
Q

Termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female; first identified in mice

A

Bruce effect

47
Q

An area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior

A

Medial preoptic area (MPA)

48
Q

A nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males than in females; first observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior

A

Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)

49
Q

The region of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior

A

Periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)

50
Q

A nucleus of the medulla that receives input from the medial preoptic area and contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participate in sexual reflexes in males

A

Nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi)

51
Q

A large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near the walls of the third ventricle; plays and essential role in female sexual behavior

A

Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH)

52
Q

Having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of the other sex

A

Heterosexual

53
Q

Having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of one’s own sex

A

Gay/lesbian

54
Q

Having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to both men and women

A

Bisexual

55
Q

A condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinization of the external genitalia

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

56
Q

The act of giving birth

A

Parturition

57
Q

A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland, necessary for production of milk; also facilitates maternal behavior

A

Prolactin

Biopsych (11 decks)

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