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General Microbiology > Unit 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 1 Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microorganism

A

life forms too small to be seen by the eye

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2
Q

microbial ecology

A

study of how microbes affect animal, plants, and entire global ecosystems

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3
Q

human microbiome

A

environment of microbes living naturally inside humans affecting their health

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4
Q

DNA

A

genetic information

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5
Q

ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins

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6
Q

cytosol/cytoplasm

A

aqueous mixture of macromolecules, small organics, ions, and ribosomes inside cells

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7
Q

plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable layer composed of phospholipids and proteins

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8
Q

prokaryotes

A

unicellular organisms that loack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; characterized by simple structure and genetic information in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and mombrane-bound organelles; typically have more complex structure

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10
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled microorganisms that lack distinct nucleus and mombrane-bound organelles; diverse shapes and sizes

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11
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a structural polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms the rigid cell wall in bacterial cells; provides strength and shape

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12
Q

Gram-negative

A

bacteria that is resistant to gram-staining method; typically have an outer membrane and less peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Gram-positive

A

bacteria with a thick layer of peptioglycan, making them subjects of gram-staining method

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14
Q

archaea

A

group of single-celled microorganisms that, like bacteria, lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, but they differ significantly in genetic and biochemical characteristics, often thriving in extreme environments.

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15
Q

eukarya

A

one of the three domains of life, encompassing organisms with complex, membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus in their cells, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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16
Q

fungi

A

can be single or multicellular eukaryotes

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17
Q

chitin and glucan

A

carbohydrates that make up cell walls of fungi

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18
Q

zoosporic fungi

A

free living, often motile

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19
Q

yeasts fungi

A

unicellular; include human microbiota, primary pathogens, and opportunistic pathogens; some reproduce by budding; some reproduce by spore formation

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20
Q

dimorphic fungi

A

have yeast-like and mold-like forms; include oppotunistic pathogens

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21
Q

mold fungi

A

multicellular

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22
Q

mushroom fungi

A

multicellular with macroscopic fruiting bodies

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23
Q

acellular entities

A

things not composed of cells

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24
Q

viruses

A

acellular; obligate parasites that only replicate within host cells; include DNA or RNA and a protein coat called a capsid

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25
Q

viroids

A

acellular; composed of RNA

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26
Q

satellites

A

acellular; composed of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell

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27
Q

prions

A

acellular; composed of proteins

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28
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA molecules; most likely probiont molecule

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29
Q

endosymbiosis

A

interaction between two organsism in which one lives inside of another

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30
Q

phylogeny

A

relationships among organisms determined by rRNA, genome sequence, cellular characteristics and/or metabolic pathways

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31
Q

taxonomy

A

the classification system used to group organisms

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32
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

how microorganism are named; Ex. Genus species

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33
Q

microscopy

A

the technique and science of using microscopes to observe and study objects

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34
Q

culture

A

cells grown in/on nutrient media

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35
Q

pure culture

A

isolated strain

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36
Q

colony

A

visible, billions of cells, pure culture

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37
Q

medium

A

liquid/solid mixture containing required nutrients for growth

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38
Q

growth

A

increase in cell number resulting in cell division

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39
Q

genome sequencing

A

only about 1% of microbes are culturable so genomes tell us what an unculturable microbe might be capable of (metagenomics)

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40
Q

robert hooke

A

best known for the first observations of cells; became popular because of beautiful illustrations of fleas and fruiting structures of molds

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41
Q

antoni van leeuwenhoek

A

first to describe what we now know were bacteria and protists (animalcules)

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42
Q

spontaneous generation

A

long held theory that microbes can arise spontaneous from nonliving matter

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43
Q

louis pasteur

A
  • develops swan neck flask that allows air within, but traps microbes from air
  • demonstrates that microbes from air can cause “contamination” and confirms that heating can remove microbes
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44
Q

Koch’s postulate

A
  1. the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms
  2. the suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
  3. the same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
  4. the same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host
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45
Q

immunity

A

protection from infection due to previous exposure to a pathogen

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46
Q

jenner’s experiment

A

discovery of small pox vaccine due to previous exposure to cowpox

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47
Q

microbial diversity

A

focuses on nonmedical aspects and metabolic processes of microbes in soil and water

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48
Q

magnification

A

ability to enlarge an image

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49
Q

resolution

A

the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as distinct and separate

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50
Q

lenses

A

create images by bending light

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51
Q

focal point

A

specifc location where parallel rays of light converge

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52
Q

oil immersion objective

A

100X objective lens with a vey short working distance

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53
Q

dyes

A

used to increase contrast

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54
Q

gram staining

A

differentiates gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

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55
Q

acid-fast staining

A

differentiates bacteria that have mycolic acid in their cell wall from those don’t

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56
Q

cell envelope

A

layers surrounding a cell

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57
Q

bacterial phospholipids

A

fatty acids are attached to glycerol by ester linkages

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58
Q

archaeal phospholipids

A

attached to glycerol by ether linkages

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59
Q

uniport

A

move a specific molecule against the concentration gradient

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60
Q

symport

A

the molecule and H+ move in the same direction

61
Q

antiport

A

the molecule and H+ move in opposite directions

62
Q

group translocation

A

modification of a molecule as it passes through the membrane

63
Q

coccus

A

spherical

64
Q

bacillus

A

rod

65
Q

spirilla

A

rigid

66
Q

spirochete

A

flexible helical

67
Q

vibrio

A

comma

68
Q

coccobacillus

A

oval shaped

69
Q

monomorphic

A

maintain single shape

70
Q

pleomorphic

A

have many shapes

71
Q

teichoic acids

A

protect peptidoglycan from lysis, regulate ion movement, vary from one gram-positive to the next

72
Q

lipoteichoic acids

A

teichois acids bond to plasma membrane lipids in peptidoglycan, are antigenic

73
Q

antigenic

A

elicit an immune response

74
Q

porins

A

proteins for transport

75
Q

periplasm

A

space between inner and outer membrane

76
Q

outer membrane

A

extra permeability barrier, contributes to intrinsic antibiotic resistance

77
Q

braun lipoprotein

A

anchors outer membrane to peptidoglycan

78
Q

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A

contribute to negative surface charge, stabilize outer membrane, protect from immune response, toxic (endotoxin)

79
Q

lipid A

A

in the outer membrane; stimulates immune response leading to fever, vomiting, diarrhea, shock

80
Q

core polysaccharide

A

10 sugar bound to lipid A

81
Q

O side chain (O antigen)

A

extends from cell

82
Q

lysozyme

A

a protein produced by the animal innate immune system which cleaves the glycosidic bond between NAM and NAG in peptidoglycan

83
Q

mycolic acid

A

a waxy lipid present on acid-fast bacteria that resists staining and makes the bacteria hardy in desiccation, clump together, and difficult to destroy by antibotics, immune response, and disinfectants

84
Q

S-layer

A

a protein coat that surrounds most archaea (some bacteria have in addition to peptidoglycan)

85
Q

pseudomurein

A

alternating N-acetylglucosamine (also in peptidoglycan) and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

86
Q

glycocalyx

A

viscous polysaccharide and/or polypeptide secreted outside bacterial cell wall and membrane

87
Q

capsules

A

organized, tightly packed glycocalyx

88
Q

pathogenicity factor

A

protects bacteria from phagocytosis by certain white blood cells; involved in attachment to host cells/tissues

89
Q

slime layers

A

loosely associated bacterial glycocalyx, associated with biofilms and aggregates

90
Q

fimbraiae and pili

A

often used interchangeably to refer to short, thin, hairlike protein appendages; involved in cell-to-cell attachment; initiating biofilm development, twitching motility, DNA uptake

91
Q

sex pili

A

involved in conjugation (type of horizontal gene transfer that results in exchange of plasmids)

92
Q

hami

A

archaeal grappling hooks

93
Q

twitching

A

one of the types of surface associated motilities

94
Q

flagella

A

threadlike protein, extends out from the membrane and cell wall

95
Q

archaella

A

functionally similar to flagella, but smaller; driven by ATP hydrolysis; slower swimming compared to bacteria

96
Q

atrichous

A

lacking flagella

97
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella all over the cell

98
Q

polar flagella

A

flagella at one or both ends

99
Q

monotrichous

A

single polar flagella

100
Q

lophotrichous

A

multiple flagella at one or both ends

101
Q

amphitrichous

A

flagella at each pole

102
Q

filament

A

hollow part of flagella that extends from the cell; composed of the protein flagella arranged in a helix

103
Q

basal body (motor)

A

part of flagella embedded in the cell envelope, includes rotor and stator, complex multiprotein structure

104
Q

hook

A

part of flagella that is short and curved segment; attaches filament to basal body

105
Q

swimming motility

A

occurs in aqueos environment

106
Q

taxis

A

directed movement to a chemical or physical stimuli

107
Q

chemotaxis

A

response to chemical

108
Q

phototaxis

A

response to light

109
Q

chemotaxis assay

A

capillary tubes containing either attractants, repellents, or water are placed in a culture of bacteria

110
Q

photoreceptors

A

proteins that detect light and regulate flagellar rotation proteins

111
Q

osmotaxis

A

response to ionic strength

112
Q

hydrotaxis

A

movement towards water typically away from salt

113
Q

aerotaxis

A

response to oxygen

114
Q

magnetotaxis

A

some bacteria have magnetosomes which allow them to align with the earths magnetic field and swim to or away form oxygen

115
Q

swarming motility

A

unlike swimming, is often a coordinated group movement and it occurs on a surface

116
Q

biosurfactants

A

secreted by many swarmers to reduce friction/lubricate the surface

117
Q

gliding motility

A

unlike swimming and swarming; does not require a flagella

118
Q

FtsZ

A

forms a ring at midcell to constrict the cytoplasm during cell division

119
Q

MreB

A

maintains shape and positions peptidoglycan machinery

120
Q

CreS

A

maintains curve shape

121
Q

nucleoid

A

no nuclear envelope, but bacterial chromosome is localized

122
Q

plasmids

A

extrachromosomal DNA that is small and circular

123
Q

episomes

A

can integrate into chromosome via recombination

124
Q

inclusions

A

refer to locailzation of material the cell must accumulate

125
Q

endospores

A

highly differentiated, dormant cells produced by some gram-positive bacilli

126
Q

sporulation/sporgenesis

A

production of spores from vegetative state

127
Q

germination

A

return to vegetative state

128
Q

cytoskeleton

A

actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

129
Q

endocytosis

A

eukaryotic uptake of materials via vessicles

130
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

ligand-receptor interactions often stimulate endocytosis

131
Q

pinocytosis

A

uptake of solutes

132
Q

phagocytosis

A

uptake of particles

133
Q

polyphyletic

A

18S rRNA classifcation demonastrate protists emerged from more than one ancestor

134
Q

protozoa

A

chemoorganic protists; obtain their energy and carbon by ingesting organic material

135
Q

algae

A

photoautotrophic protists; obtain their energy from light and their carbon source is CO2

136
Q

bacteriovorous

A

type of protozoa that feed on bacteria regulating the concentration of bacteria in ecosystems and microbiomes

137
Q

eutrophication

A

result in cyanbacteria/agal blooms due to over enrichment of aquatic ecosystems with nitrogen and phosphorous

138
Q

plasmonella

A

protist cell membrane identical to multicellular eukaryotes

139
Q

protist ectoplasm

A

gelatinous regions

140
Q

protist endoplasm

A

fluid region

141
Q

protist pellicle

A

supportive layer with a function similar to a cell wall, but not as rigid

142
Q

protist contractile vacuoles

A

continuosly expel water to counteract influx from hypotonic environments

143
Q

protist phagocytic vacuoles

A

result from uptake of particles, often for feeding

144
Q

protist cytosome

A

cell mouth for specialized phagocytosis

145
Q

trophozoites

A

replicating protists

146
Q

protist cysts

A

dormant cell that has a cell wall

147
Q

protist encystment

A

cyst formation

148
Q

protist excystment

A

escape from cyst

149
Q

fungi

A

General Microbiology (11 decks)

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