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General Microbiology > Chapter 1: Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Learning Objective

Define microorganism/microbe.

A
  • life forms too small to be seen by the human eye
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2
Q

What are facts of microbes?

A
  • diverse in form/function
  • inhabit every environment that supports life
  • many single-celled, some form complex structures, some multicellular
  • live in microbial communities
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3
Q

Learning Objective

What are the 5 major reasons to study microbes?

A
  1. Today’s microbes are the closest relatives to the oldest form of life
  2. Major fraction of the Earth’s biomass
  3. Microbial Ecology
  4. The human microbiome affects human health
  5. Microbes and food
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4
Q

Closest relative to the oldest form of life.

How old is the earth?
When did the first cells appear?

A
  • 4.6 billion years old
  • between 3.8 and 4.3 billion years ago
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5
Q

Closest relatives to the oldest form of life.

T/F: The atmosphere was anoxic before microbes shaped the environment.

A

TRUE – only anaerobic metabolisms were present as first

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6
Q

Closest relatives to the oldest form of life.

When did the first anoxygenic phototrophs exist?
Cyanobacteria (oxygenic phototrophs)?

A
  • 3.6 billion years ago
  • 2.6 billion years ago
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7
Q

Closest relatives to the oldest form of life.

What does LUCA stand for?

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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8
Q

Major Fraction of Earth’s biomass.

T/F: The are more microbial cells on Earth than known stars in the universe.

A

TRUE – there are about 10^30 microbial cells on Earth

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9
Q

Microbial Energy

Define Microbial Ecology.

A
  • how microbes affect animals, plants, and enitre global ecosystem
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10
Q

Microbial Ecology

List 4 effects that microbes can have.

A
  • cause disease
  • benefits animals and plants
  • can be used as drugs or immunizing agents
  • used in water and wastewater treatment
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11
Q

Human microbiome.

Define Microbiome.

A
  • a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body
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12
Q

Human microbiome.

What are 3 functions of the human microbiome?

A
  1. help to maintain good health
  2. can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
  3. may help trainf the immune system to discriminate threats
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13
Q

Human microbiome.

T/F: The adult human body is composed of 30 trillion cells, and the body harbors another 40 trillion bacterial cells.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Microbes and food.

What are the negative impacts of microbes?

A
  • food spoilage and foodborne disease
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15
Q

Microbes and food.

What are the positive impacts of microbes?

A
  • improved food safety
  • preservation
  • contribute to flavor
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16
Q

Learning Objective

List 4 types of cellular microbes.

A
  • fungi
  • protists
  • bacteria
  • archaea
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17
Q

Learning Objective

List 4 types of acellular microbes.

A
  • viruses
  • viroids
  • satellites
  • prions
18
Q

Cellular vs Acellular

Give 2 examples of fungi.

A
  • yeast
  • molds
19
Q

Cellular vs. Acellular

Give 3 examples of protists.

A
  • algae
  • protazoa
  • slime molds
20
Q

Cellular vs. Acellular

Give an example of bacteria.

A
  • escherichia coli
21
Q

Cellular vs. Acellular

Give an example of archaea.

A
  • methanogens
22
Q

Cellular vs. Acellular

What are viruses composed of?

A
  • protein and nucleic acid
23
Q

Cellular vs. Acellular

What are viroids composed of?

A
  • RNA
24
Q

Cellular vs. Acellular

What are satellites composed of?

A
  • nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell
25
Q

Cellular vs. Acellular

What are prions composed of?

A
  • protein
26
Q

Learning Objective

Describe Carl Woese importance to microbiology.

A

was the first to identify a third form of life (archaea) by comparing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences

  • found that all evolutionary relationships between all cells could be revealed by rRNA analysis
27
Q

(Blank) is encoded by DNA.

A

Genetic information

28
Q

(Blank) synthesize protein.

A

Ribosomes

29
Q

Define cytoplasm/cytosol.

A

aqueous mixture of macromolcules, small organics, ions, and ribosomes inside cells

30
Q

Define plasma membrane.

A

selectively permeable layer composed of phospholipids and proteins

31
Q

Learning Objective

What type of organisms are prokaryotes?

A

bacteria and archaea

32
Q

Learning Objective

What type of organisms are eukaryotes?

A

plants, animals, algae, protozoa, and fungi

33
Q

Learning Objective:

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:
Ribosomes?

A
  • 70s ribosomes
  • 80s ribosomes
34
Q

Learning Objective

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:
Membrane enclosed organelles?

A
  • prokaryotes = no
  • eukaryotes = yes
35
Q

Learning Objective

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:
DNA storage?

A
  • prokaryotes = typically one compact, circular chromosome
  • eukaryotes = larger genomes composed of linear chromosomes
36
Q

Learning Objective

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:
Replication?

A
  • binary fission
  • mitosis and/or sexual reproduction
37
Q

Learning Objective

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote:
Cell Wall?

A
  • prokaryotic = yes
  • eukaryotic = no
38
Q

Learning Objective:

Bacteria v Archaea v Eukarya:
Single-cell or multicellular?

A
  • bacteria = single-cell
  • archaea = single-cell
  • eukarya = single-cell or multicellular
39
Q

Learning Objective

Bacteria v Archaea v Eukarya:
Prokaryotic structure?

A
  • bacteria = yes
  • archaea = yes
  • eukarya = no
40
Q
A

General Microbiology (11 decks)

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