Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Microbiology > Epidemiology and Clinical Micro > Flashcards

Epidemiology and Clinical Micro Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

General Terms

Epidemiology

A

science that evaluates occurrence, determinants, distribution and control of health and disease in a defined human population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

General Terms

epidemiologist

A

one who practices epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

General Info

Who was the first epidemiologist?

A

John Snow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Epidemiology Terms

sporadic disease

A

occurs occasionally and at irregular intervals
- bacterial meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epidemiology Terms

endemic disease

A

maintains a relatively steady low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval
- common cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epidemiology Terms

hyperendemic disease

A

gradually increase in frequency above endemic level but not to epidemic level
- common cold during the winter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epidemiology Terms

outbreak

A

sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease in a limited segment of population
- listeria outbreaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epidemiology Terms

epidemic

A

outbreak affecting many people at once with sudden increase in occurrence above expected number
- ebola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epidemiology Terms

pandemic

A

increase in disease occurrence within a large population over at least two countries around the world
- COVID, H1N1 flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Measuring Disease Frequency

incidence

A

measure of number of diseased individuals during a defined period compared to total healthy population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Measuring Disease Frequency

prevalence

A

total number of individuals infected at any one time compared to the total healthy population
- depends on both incidence rate and duration of illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Measuring Disease Frequency

morbidity rate

A

number of new cases in a specific time period per unit of population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Measuring Disease Frequency

mortality rate

A

relationship between number of deaths from a disease compared to the total number of cases of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of Epidemics

communicable diseases

A

an infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F: All infectious disease are communicable.

A

FALSE – not all infectious disease are communicable
- rabies: animal to person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of Epidemics

What are the two types of epidemics?

A
  • common source
  • propagated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of Epidemics

common source

A
  • noncommunicable
  • peaks within a short timeframe (1-2 weeks) and is followed by a rapid decline in the number of infected individuals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of Epidemics

propagated

A
  • communicable
  • slow, prolonged rise in infected individuals followed by a gradual decline
  • results from the introduction of a single infected individual into the population which spreads the infection until many individuals are infected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Epidemiology Terms

herd immunity

A

resistance of a population to infection and pathogen spread because of immunity of large percentage of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In herd immunity, increasing the number of susceptible individuals can cause an ?? disease that can become an ??.

A
  • endemic
  • epidemic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the reasons for increases in emerging and reemerging infectious diseases?

A
  • world population growth, urbanization
  • inadequate public infrastructures
  • increased international travel, mass migrations
  • climate changes
  • habitat disruption
  • microbial evolution and development of resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Terms

HAI

A

hospital-acquired infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

HAIs

nosocomial infections

A

infection acquired by a patient while in the hospital or at another clinical care facility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

HAIs

What percent of patients will get an HAI according to the CDC?

A

5-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

HAIs

What are HAIs typically caused by?

A

antibiotic-resistant bacteria
- most are members of normal microflora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

HAIs

What are the most common HAIs in decreasing prevalance?

A
  • UTIs
  • all others
  • surgical site infections
  • bloodstream infection
  • pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sources of HAIs

endogenous pathogen examples

A
  • brought into hospital by patient
  • patient is colonized after admission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sources of HAIs

exogenous pathogen example

A
  • microbiota other than the patient’s
  • may come from hospital staff, other patients, and visitors, food, plants, and flowers, computer keyboards, intravenous and respiratory therapy equipment, and water systems
29
Q

Clinical Microbiology

What are the 2 goals of clinical microbiology?

A
  • rapid and accurate identifaction of pathogens from clincal specimens
  • antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the organisms
30
Q

What are some examples of patient specimen evaluation?

A
  • rapid tests and immunoassays
  • molecular testing
  • biochemical testing
  • culture
  • microscopy
31
Q

Specimen collection

What things should be considered for specimen collecting methods?

A
  • represent the diseased area
  • quantity should be adequate
  • collection to avoid contamination
  • proper container, promptly sent to laboratory
  • obtain specimen before antimicrobial treatment
32
Q

Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens

Direct indentification methods:

A
  • growth and biochemical characteristics
  • microscopy
  • molecular methods
  • bacteriophage typing
  • immunologic tests
33
Q

Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens

Indirect identification methods:

A
  • serology
  • immunofluorescence
  • PCR
34
Q

Identification of Bacteria

How are most bacteria identified?

A
  • culturing involves use of numerous kinds of growth media; can provide preliminary information about biochemical nature of bacterium
  • additional biochemical tests used following isolation
35
Q

Identification of Bacteria

What are some bacteria that are not routinely cultured?

A

rickettsias, chlamydiae, and mycoplasmas

36
Q

Identification of Bacteria

How are rickettsias, chlamydia, and mycoplasmas identified?

A
  • special stains
  • immunologic tests
  • molecular methods (PCR)
37
Q

Identification of Bacteria

What is a common tool for bacteria identification?

A

dichotomous key
- gram-positive and gram-negative have separate charts

38
Q

Identification of Bacteria

What are rapid methods for identification of bacteria?

A
  • API 20E system
  • automated/robotic systems for culture-independent identification
39
Q

Identification of Bacteria

API 20E system

A

minaturization of biochemical tests to run 20 tests at once

40
Q

Identification of Fungi

What is typical way to identify fungi?

A
  • culture; days to weeks to grow
41
Q

Identification of Fungi

What are types of medias fungi can be grown on?

A
  • antibiotic agar
  • caffeine agar
  • cornmeal agar
  • malt agar
  • malt extract agar
  • SAB
  • SAB + chloramphnical + cycloheximide
42
Q

Identification of Fungi

What are fungi cultures evaluated for?

A
  • growth rate
  • appearance of growth on at least one selective and one nonselective agar medium
  • colongy morphology, color, and dimorphism
43
Q

Microscopy

What types of specimen can be examined?

A
  • wet-mount
  • heat-fixed
  • chemically fixed
44
Q

Microscopy

Choice of microscopy depends on possible pathogen,

A

bright-field or phase-contrast for morphological identification

45
Q

Microscopy

non-specific stains

A
  • gram stain and acid-fast stain for bacteria
  • calcofluor white for fungi
46
Q

Microscopy

Direct immunofluorescence

A
  • detects antigen
  • if pathogen is present in specimen, then it will fluoresce after processing
  • used to detect bateria, viruses, and fungi
47
Q

Microscopy

indirect immunfluorescence

A
  • detects patient antibodies to specific pathogens
  • if antibodies are present in patient serum, then it will fluoresce after processing
  • most commonly used for detecting viruses
48
Q

Molecular Methods

What are the benefits of molecular identification methods?

A

accurate, routine, and sensitive
- comparison of proteins
- nucleic acid-based detection methods

49
Q

Molecular Methods

What are molecular methods widely used?

A
  • nucleic acid probes; DNA hybridization
  • PCR and real-time PCR
  • Ribotypiing (16s rRNA analysis)
  • multilocus sequence typing (MLST)
50
Q

Ribotyping

Ribotyping is based on high level of ?? gene conservation among bacteria.

A

16S rRNA

50
Q

Ribotyping

What is ribotyping used for?

A

used to identify bacterial genera

51
Q

Ribotyping

rRNA ?? are amplified by PCR.

A

encoding genes or fragments

52
Q

Ribotyping

The ?? of the amplified DNA is determined and compared with those in the Nationals Center for Biotechnology (NCBI).

A

nucleotide sequence

53
Q

Immunological Techniques

immunological techniques

A

detection of antigens or antibodies in specimens
- especially useful when cultural methods are unavailable or impractical or antimicrobial therapy has been started

54
Q

Immunological Techniques

What are the advantages of immunological systems techniques?

A
  • easy to use
  • gives relatively rapid reaction endpoints
  • sensitive and specific
55
Q

Immunological Techniques

What are the caveats?

A
  • lack of antibody does not always indicate lack of infection
  • immunosuppressed patients may not respond to pathogen
56
Q

Serotyping

serology

A

identification or measurement of antibodies directed against a specific microbe in the patient’s serum

57
Q

Serotyping

What is the advantage?

A

can be used to differentiate serovars or serotypes of microbes that differ in antigenic compostion of a structure or product

58
Q

Agglutination

agglutination

A

visible clumps or aggregates of cells or particles
- rapid plasma reagin test: diagnostic for syphilis
- latex agglutination tests

59
Q

Agglutination

Viral hemagglutination test uses antibodies cross-linked to ??.

A

RBCs and surface antigens

60
Q

Agglutination

What are thing can agglutination tests measure?

A

antibody titer

61
Q

Complement Fixation

Complement fixation involves…

A

binding of complement to an antigen-antibody complex

62
Q

Complement Fixation

What are complement fixation tests the basis for?

A

diagnostic tests that determine if antibodies to an antigen are present in a patient’s serum

63
Q

Complement Fixation

In regards to sensitivity, complement fixations are…

A

very sensitive, measure extremely small amounts of antibody

64
Q

ELISA

A

one of the most widely used serological tests

65
Q

direct ELISA

A

test can be used to detect antigens in a sample

66
Q

indirect ELISA

A

test can be used to detect antibodies in a sample

67
Q

How are ELISAs visualized?

A

addition of chromogen

68
Q

Immunoblotting (Western Blotting) Procedure

A
  • proteins separated by electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose or polyvinyl difluoride sheets
  • protein bands visualized with enzyme-tagged antibodies

General Microbiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions