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General Microbiology > Epidemiology and Clinical Micro > Flashcards

Epidemiology and Clinical Micro Flashcards

1
Q

General Terms

Epidemiology

A

science that evaluates occurrence, determinants, distribution and control of health and disease in a defined human population

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2
Q

General Terms

epidemiologist

A

one who practices epidemiology

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3
Q

General Info

Who was the first epidemiologist?

A

John Snow

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4
Q

Epidemiology Terms

sporadic disease

A

occurs occasionally and at irregular intervals
- bacterial meningitis

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5
Q

Epidemiology Terms

endemic disease

A

maintains a relatively steady low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval
- common cold

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6
Q

Epidemiology Terms

hyperendemic disease

A

gradually increase in frequency above endemic level but not to epidemic level
- common cold during the winter

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7
Q

Epidemiology Terms

outbreak

A

sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease in a limited segment of population
- listeria outbreaks

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8
Q

Epidemiology Terms

epidemic

A

outbreak affecting many people at once with sudden increase in occurrence above expected number
- ebola

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9
Q

Epidemiology Terms

pandemic

A

increase in disease occurrence within a large population over at least two countries around the world
- COVID, H1N1 flu

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10
Q

Measuring Disease Frequency

incidence

A

measure of number of diseased individuals during a defined period compared to total healthy population

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11
Q

Measuring Disease Frequency

prevalence

A

total number of individuals infected at any one time compared to the total healthy population
- depends on both incidence rate and duration of illness

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12
Q

Measuring Disease Frequency

morbidity rate

A

number of new cases in a specific time period per unit of population

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13
Q

Measuring Disease Frequency

mortality rate

A

relationship between number of deaths from a disease compared to the total number of cases of the disease

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14
Q

Types of Epidemics

communicable diseases

A

an infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to person

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15
Q

T/F: All infectious disease are communicable.

A

FALSE – not all infectious disease are communicable
- rabies: animal to person

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16
Q

Types of Epidemics

What are the two types of epidemics?

A
  • common source
  • propagated
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17
Q

Types of Epidemics

common source

A
  • noncommunicable
  • peaks within a short timeframe (1-2 weeks) and is followed by a rapid decline in the number of infected individuals
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18
Q

Types of Epidemics

propagated

A
  • communicable
  • slow, prolonged rise in infected individuals followed by a gradual decline
  • results from the introduction of a single infected individual into the population which spreads the infection until many individuals are infected
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19
Q

Epidemiology Terms

herd immunity

A

resistance of a population to infection and pathogen spread because of immunity of large percentage of the population

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20
Q

In herd immunity, increasing the number of susceptible individuals can cause an ?? disease that can become an ??.

A
  • endemic
  • epidemic
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21
Q

What are the reasons for increases in emerging and reemerging infectious diseases?

A
  • world population growth, urbanization
  • inadequate public infrastructures
  • increased international travel, mass migrations
  • climate changes
  • habitat disruption
  • microbial evolution and development of resistance
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22
Q

Terms

HAI

A

hospital-acquired infections

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23
Q

HAIs

nosocomial infections

A

infection acquired by a patient while in the hospital or at another clinical care facility

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24
Q

HAIs

What percent of patients will get an HAI according to the CDC?

A

5-10%

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25
# HAIs What are HAIs typically caused by?
antibiotic-resistant bacteria - most are members of normal microflora
26
# HAIs What are the most common HAIs in decreasing prevalance?
- UTIs - all others - surgical site infections - bloodstream infection - pneumonia
27
# Sources of HAIs endogenous pathogen examples
- brought into hospital by patient - patient is colonized after admission
28
# Sources of HAIs exogenous pathogen example
- microbiota other than the patient's - may come from hospital staff, other patients, and visitors, food, plants, and flowers, computer keyboards, intravenous and respiratory therapy equipment, and water systems
29
# Clinical Microbiology What are the 2 goals of clinical microbiology?
- rapid and accurate identifaction of pathogens from clincal specimens - antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the organisms
30
What are some examples of patient specimen evaluation?
- rapid tests and immunoassays - molecular testing - biochemical testing - culture - microscopy
31
# Specimen collection What things should be considered for specimen collecting methods?
- represent the diseased area - quantity should be adequate - collection to avoid contamination - proper container, promptly sent to laboratory - obtain specimen before antimicrobial treatment
32
# Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens Direct indentification methods:
- growth and biochemical characteristics - microscopy - molecular methods - bacteriophage typing - immunologic tests
33
# Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens Indirect identification methods:
- serology - immunofluorescence - PCR
34
# Identification of Bacteria How are most bacteria identified?
- culturing involves use of numerous kinds of growth media; can provide preliminary information about biochemical nature of bacterium - additional biochemical tests used following isolation
35
# Identification of Bacteria What are some bacteria that are not routinely cultured?
rickettsias, chlamydiae, and mycoplasmas
36
# Identification of Bacteria How are rickettsias, chlamydia, and mycoplasmas identified?
- special stains - immunologic tests - molecular methods (PCR)
37
# Identification of Bacteria What is a common tool for bacteria identification?
dichotomous key - gram-positive and gram-negative have separate charts
38
# Identification of Bacteria What are rapid methods for identification of bacteria?
- API 20E system - automated/robotic systems for culture-independent identification
39
# Identification of Bacteria API 20E system
minaturization of biochemical tests to run 20 tests at once
40
# Identification of Fungi What is typical way to identify fungi?
- culture; days to weeks to grow
41
# Identification of Fungi What are types of medias fungi can be grown on?
- antibiotic agar - caffeine agar - cornmeal agar - malt agar - malt extract agar - SAB - SAB + chloramphnical + cycloheximide
42
# Identification of Fungi What are fungi cultures evaluated for?
- growth rate - appearance of growth on at least one selective and one nonselective agar medium - colongy morphology, color, and dimorphism
43
# Microscopy What types of specimen can be examined?
- wet-mount - heat-fixed - chemically fixed
44
# Microscopy Choice of microscopy depends on possible pathogen,
bright-field or phase-contrast for morphological identification
45
# Microscopy non-specific stains
- gram stain and acid-fast stain for bacteria - calcofluor white for fungi
46
# Microscopy Direct immunofluorescence
- detects antigen - if pathogen is present in specimen, then it will fluoresce after processing - used to detect bateria, viruses, and fungi
47
# Microscopy indirect immunfluorescence
- detects patient antibodies to specific pathogens - if antibodies are present in patient serum, then it will fluoresce after processing - most commonly used for detecting viruses
48
# Molecular Methods What are the benefits of molecular identification methods?
accurate, routine, and sensitive - comparison of proteins - nucleic acid-based detection methods
49
# Molecular Methods What are molecular methods widely used?
- nucleic acid probes; DNA hybridization - PCR and real-time PCR - Ribotypiing (16s rRNA analysis) - multilocus sequence typing (MLST)
50
# Ribotyping Ribotyping is based on high level of ?? gene conservation among bacteria.
16S rRNA
50
# Ribotyping What is ribotyping used for?
used to identify bacterial genera
51
# Ribotyping rRNA ?? are amplified by PCR.
encoding genes or fragments
52
# Ribotyping The ?? of the amplified DNA is determined and compared with those in the Nationals Center for Biotechnology (NCBI).
nucleotide sequence
53
# Immunological Techniques immunological techniques
detection of antigens or antibodies in specimens - especially useful when cultural methods are unavailable or impractical or antimicrobial therapy has been started
54
# Immunological Techniques What are the advantages of immunological systems techniques?
- easy to use - gives relatively rapid reaction endpoints - sensitive and specific
55
# Immunological Techniques What are the caveats?
- lack of antibody does not always indicate lack of infection - immunosuppressed patients may not respond to pathogen
56
# Serotyping serology
identification or measurement of antibodies directed against a specific microbe in the patient's serum
57
# Serotyping What is the advantage?
can be used to differentiate serovars or serotypes of microbes that differ in antigenic compostion of a structure or product
58
# Agglutination agglutination
visible clumps or aggregates of cells or particles - rapid plasma reagin test: diagnostic for syphilis - latex agglutination tests
59
# Agglutination Viral hemagglutination test uses antibodies cross-linked to ??.
RBCs and surface antigens
60
# Agglutination What are thing can agglutination tests measure?
antibody titer
61
# Complement Fixation Complement fixation involves...
binding of complement to an antigen-antibody complex
62
# Complement Fixation What are complement fixation tests the basis for?
diagnostic tests that determine if antibodies to an antigen are present in a patient's serum
63
# Complement Fixation In regards to sensitivity, complement fixations are...
very sensitive, measure extremely small amounts of antibody
64
ELISA
one of the most widely used serological tests
65
direct ELISA
test can be used to detect antigens in a sample
66
indirect ELISA
test can be used to detect antibodies in a sample
67
How are ELISAs visualized?
addition of chromogen
68
Immunoblotting (Western Blotting) Procedure
- proteins separated by electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose or polyvinyl difluoride sheets - protein bands visualized with enzyme-tagged antibodies

General Microbiology (11 decks)

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