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General Microbiology > Human Diseases Caused by Viruses and Prions > Flashcards

Human Diseases Caused by Viruses and Prions Flashcards

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1
Q

Airborne Diseases

How do humans transmitted airborne diseases?

A

viruses are propelled from the respiratory tract by coughing, sneezing, or vocalizing

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2
Q

routes of viral transmission

A
  • airborne
  • arthropods
  • direct contact
  • food and water
  • zoonotic
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3
Q

Airborne Diseases

examples of airborne diseases

A
  • chickenpox
  • flu
  • measles
  • mumps
  • RSV
  • rubella
  • smallpox
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4
Q

Chickenpox (varicella)

Chickenpox is a DNA virus, a member of…

A

herpesviridae

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5
Q

Chickenpox (varicella)

Humans serve as a….

A

reservoir and source

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6
Q

Chickenpox (varicella)

How is chickenpox acquired?

A

droplet inhalation into respiratory system

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7
Q

Chickenpox (varicella)

Describe chickenpox

A
  • result from initial infection
  • individuals that recover are immune, but not free of the virus
  • vaccine prevents or shortens illness
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8
Q

Shingles (herpes zoster)

What is shingles?

A

a reactivated form of chickenpox

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9
Q

Shingles (herpes zoster)

Where does the shingles virus reside?

A

episome in cranial and sensory neurons
- reactivation – virus migrates down neuron

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10
Q

Shingles (herpes zoster)

How is shingles treated?

A

supportive; acylovir and others

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11
Q

Influenza

What is influenza?

A

a respiratory system disease caused by influenza virus

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12
Q

Influenza

What type of virus is influenza?

A

RNA virus; segmented genome

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13
Q

Influenza

What are the 3 genera?

A

A, B, and C

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14
Q

Influenza

How is influenza acquired?

A

by inhalation or ingestion of respiratory secretions

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15
Q

Influenza

Subtypes of influenza are based on…

A

hemagluttinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)

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16
Q

Influenza

What are NA and HA?

A

membrane surface glycoproteins

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17
Q

Influenza

What are HA and NA functions?

A

part of viral attachment and virulence

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18
Q

Influenza

How many antigenic forms do HA and NA have?

A
  • 18 HA
  • 11 NA
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19
Q

Influenza

antigenic drift

A

due to accumulation of mutations in a strain
- vaccine mismatch

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20
Q

Influenza

antigenic shift

A

due to reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses (from humans and animals) infect the same cell and are incorporated into a single new capsid
- epidemics

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21
Q

Arboviruses

What are arboviruses?

A

viruses transmitted by bloodsucking arthropods from one vertebrae host to another

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22
Q

Arboviruses

What are arboviruses capable of doing?

A

multiply in tissues of vector without producing disease
- vector acquires a lifelong infection

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23
Q

Arboviruses

What three clinical syndromes can arboviruses be placed into?

A
  • undifferentiated fevers, with or without rash
  • encephalitis-inflammation of the brain; fatality rate is usaully high
  • hemorrhagic fevers - frequently severe and fatal
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24
Q

Arboviruses

What are treatment options available for arboviruses?

A

supportive treatment, no vaccine

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25
Q

Arboviruses

What are some examples of arboviruses?

A
  • chikungunya
  • dengue
  • west nile virus
  • zika
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26
Q

Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

What type of virus is dengue?

A

enveloped RNA virus
- worldwide distribution, endemic in over 100 countries where mosquito vectors are found

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27
Q

Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

What are the dengue serotypes?

A

DENV-1 through DENV-4

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28
Q

Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

What are symtpoms of dengue?

A
  • fever
  • rash
  • joint and bone pain
  • muscle aches
  • mild bleeding of the gums
  • easy bruising lasting 3 to 10 days
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29
Q

Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

What does the first infection with one serotype DENV result in?
(ex. DENV-1)

A

the formation of neutralizing antibody, which limits infection

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30
Q

Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

What does the second infection with a different DENV serotype result in?
(ex. DENV-2)

A

the binding of anti-DENV-1 antibody
- this opsonizes rather than neutralizes the virus, which uses phagocytic immune cells as productive cells

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31
Q

Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

antibody-dependent enhancement

A

occurs if an individual is later bitten by a mosquito carrying any of the other serotypes
- antibodies will recognize the E protein of the serotype even though it is structurally distinct, leading to DHF

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32
Q

Zika

What type of virus is zika?

A

enveloped RNA virus in the Flaviviridae

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33
Q

Zika

How can zika be transferred?

A
  • transmitted by many species of Aedes mosquitoes
  • can be transmitted person to person in bodily fluids like breast milk and semen
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34
Q

Zika

What are symptoms of zika?

A
  • mild fever
  • rash
  • joint pain
  • conjuntivitis that resolves in 3 to 7 days
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35
Q

Zika

What percentage of people are symptomatic with zika?

A

only about 18% of people

36
Q

Zika

What birth defect in zika known to cause?

A

microcephaly

37
Q

Direct Contact Diseases

How are direct contact disease transmitted?

A

through direct personal contact

38
Q

Direct Contact Diseases

What are examples of direct personal contact?

A
  • touching
  • kissing
  • sexual contact
  • contact with body fluids
  • contact with open wounds
39
Q

Direct Contact Diseases

What are some examples of direct contact diseases?

A
  • HIV
  • cold sores
  • common cold
  • herpes
  • mononucleosis
  • poliomyelitis
  • herpes
  • hepatitis
40
Q

What does the phrase “food and water are vehicles for viral disease” mean?

A

several viruses cause common food-borne and waterborne diseases

41
Q

Gastroenteritis (Viral)

What is acute viral gastroenteritis?

A

inflammation of stomach or intestines

42
Q

Gastroenteritis (Viral)

What demographic is affected by acute viral gastroenteritis?

A

important disease of infants and children
- leading cause of childhood death in developing countries

43
Q

Gastroenteritis (Viral)

How is acute viral gastroenteritis transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route

44
Q

Gastroenteritis (Viral)

What are the major virus groups that cause acute viral gastroenteritis?

A
  • rotaviruses
  • adenoviruses
  • astroviruses
  • bocaparvoviruses
  • caliciviruses
  • parechoviruses
45
Q

Gastroenteritis (Viral)

How many cases of norovirus caused acute gastroenteritis cases are there per year in the US?

A

20 million cases/year

46
Q

Gastroenteritis (Viral)

T/F: Acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus is usually self-limited disease.

A

TRUE

47
Q

Gastroenteritis (Viral)

What are treatment options for acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus?

A

for symptomatic patients there is supportive therapy

48
Q

Gastroenteritis (Viral)

For gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus what are treatment options?

A

vaccination
- vaccination has reduced number of hospitalizations and deaths

49
Q

Zoonotic Diseases

What are zoonotic diseases?

A

human viral infections in animal reservoirs before transmission to and between humans

50
Q

Zoonotic Diseases

What are some examples of zoonotic diseases?

A
  • ebola and marburg diseases
  • hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
  • rabies
51
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

What type of virus is it?

A

member of single-stranded, negative sense RNA family called the Filoviridae

52
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

How is it transmitted?

A

direct contact with ebola victim, body fluids or clinical samples
- bats are a natural reservoir

53
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

What is it?

A

severe multisystem syndrome in which the host vascular system is damaged leading to vascular leaking (hemorrhage) and dysfunction (coagulopathy)

54
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

What are treatment options?

A

supportive therapy; no treatment available

55
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

What type of virus is it?

A

single-stranded, negative sense RNA virus in Bunyaviridae family

56
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

How is it transmitted?

A

to humans by inhalation of virus particles shed in urine, feces, or saliva of infected rodents

57
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

Are there any mortality risks for this?

A

potentially deadly for humans but do not cause disease in their reservoir (rodent) hosts

58
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

What are the treatment options?

A

supportive therapy; no specific treatment avaibable

59
Q

Rabies

What type of virus is it?

A

negative-strand, bullet-shaped, RNA virus
- highly neurotropic

60
Q

Rabies

How are rabies transmitted?

A

primarily by bites of infected animals

61
Q

Rabies

How frequently are rabies seen in the US?

A

fewer than 10 cases per year in the US

62
Q

Rabies

First rabies…

A

enter the host cell and multiply.

63
Q

Rabies

After multiplication, rabies then…

A

enter nervous system and spread to the spinal cord
- first specific symptoms may occur

64
Q

Rabies

Rabies rapidly progresses into ?? as the virus spreads through the ??.

A
  • encephalitis
  • central nervous system
65
Q

Rabies

Rabies finally spreads to the ??; including ?? where it is…

A
  • peripheral nerves
  • salivary glands
  • shed in saliva
66
Q

Rabies

What are the symptoms of rabies?

A
  • pain or paresthesia at wound site
  • anxiety
  • irritability
  • depression
  • fatigue
  • loss of appetite
  • fever
  • sensitivity to light and sound
67
Q

Rabies

How soon do the symptoms of rabies appear?

A

2 to 16 weeks after exposure

68
Q

Rabies

What does rabies quickly progress to?

A
  • paralysis
  • death via destruction of brain regions that regulate breathing
69
Q

Rabies

How is rabies diagnosed?

A
  • previously by microscopy
  • currently direct immunofluorescent antibody (DFA), serology for antirabies antibody, and by PCR testing
70
Q

Rabies

How are rabies treated?

A
  • postexposure vaccination
  • preexposure vaccination of individuals with high risk of exposure, dogs, and cats
71
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

prions

A

protein infectious particles
- abnormally folded proteins which induce normal forms of protein PrPC to abnormally fold

72
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

BSE agent

A

another name for prions

73
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

T/F: BSE agent survives GI passage and is neurotropic.

A

TRUE

74
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

What is a primary symtpom of prions?

A

dementia

75
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

What are prion infections usually accompanied with?

A

motor dysfunction

76
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

When do prion symptoms typically appear?

A

after prolonged incubation
- lasts from months to years prior to death

77
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

What are the effects of prions on the brain?

A
  • produce spongiform brain degeneration
  • deposition of amyloid plaques
78
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

What disease do prion infections share a lot of similarities with?

A

alzheimer’s disease

79
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

How are prion disease categorized?

A
  • familial (inherited) types
  • sporadic types
  • acquired types
80
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

TSEs

A

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

81
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

What are TSEs?

A

fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by prions

82
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

TSEs remain ?? for months or years.

A

clinically silent

83
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

How do TSEs typically end?

A

in profound disability or death

84
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

What are some disease examples of TSEs?

A
  • Kuru
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) disease
  • variant CJD
  • bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
  • scrapie
  • FFI
85
Q

Prions and Disease Induction Over Time

How are prion disease transmitted?

A
  • medical procedures
  • genetic
  • food-borne

General Microbiology (11 decks)

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