Fundamentals of Host Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

ability of a host to resist infection or disease

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2
Q

immunology

A

study of immune responses

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3
Q

innate immunity

A

built in ability of the immune system to target pathogens

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4
Q

adaptive immunity

A

ability of immune system to target a particular pathogen

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5
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

skin

A

largest organ, mechanical barrier

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6
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

epidermis

A

outer layer compsed of tightly packed keratinocytes
- move to top layer in. about 14 days

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7
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

stratum corneum

A

top layer, 15-20 layers of thick, dead cells, embedded in lipid matrix that is acidic

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8
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

dermis

A

connective tissue, sweat glands, hair follicles

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9
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

sebum

A

produced by sebaceous glands, rich in fatty acids

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10
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

sweat

A

produced by sweat glands, makes skin hypertonic to microbial cell cytoplasm

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11
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

langerhan cells

A

immune cells

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12
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

mucous membrances (mucosa)

A

epithelial cells and specialized cells that act as a barrier and trap pathogens

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13
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

goblet cells

A

produce mucus which includes glycoproteins, proteoglycans, lipids, proteins, and DNA which trap foreign materials

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14
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

paneth cells

A

secrete antimicrobial peptides and enzymes

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15
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

mucociliary escalator

A

coats surfaces of the lower respiratory tract, cilia ‘wave’ to move particles up

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16
Q

Innate Immunity: Barrier

peristalsis

A

columnar epithelial cells of the GI tract are shed to reduce attached microbes

17
Q

Communication in the immune system

cytokines

A

generic term for soluble, low weight proteins or glycoproteins that serve as intercellular signaling molecules

18
Q

Communication in the immune system

JAK-STAT

A
  • signal transduction pathway
  • phosphorylation of Janus Kinase
19
Q

Host micrbiome

holobionts

A

host and its microbes who have evolved together and form a single functional unti

20
Q

Host micrbiome

microbial antagonism/bacterial interference

A

adaptations in which one microbe inhibits the growth or kills a competing microbe

21
Q

Host micrbiome

virome

A

entire population of viruses within a particular host

22
Q

Host micrbiome

gut-brain axis

A

metabolites produced by the microbiome impact behavior

23
Q

Cells of the immune system

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

24
Q

Cells of the immune system

granulocytes

A

contain cytoplasmic inclusions which contain toxins or enzymes that are visible on stained blood smears

25
# Cells of the immune system: granulocytes mast cells and basophils (<1% of WBCs)
- not phagocytic - associated with allergies - undergo degranulation
26
# Cells of the immune system: granulocytes degranulation
release of vasoactive mediators which influence blood vessels and the inflammatory response
27
# Cells of the immune system: granulocytes eosinophils (2-4% of WBCs)
- weak phagocytes - secrete cytotoxic enzymes that target larger, extracellular pathogen
28
# Cells of the immune system: granulocytes neutrophils (50-65% of WBCs)
- highly phagocytic - highly motile - circulate in blood and migrate to infected tissues - NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) of DNA can trap extracellular pathogens
29
# Cells of the immune system: monocytes macrophages (2-9% of WBCs are monocytes)
monocytes develop from myeloid precursor and develop into macrophages in the blood
30
# Cells of the immune system: monocytes dendritic cells
have vast surface area due to cellular projections
31
# Cells of the immune system: lymphoid cells innate lymphoid cells
include NKs and other lymphoid precursor derived cells involved in innate immunity - aid in lymph development - activate macrophage - trigger vasodilation, mucus secretion, release antimicrobial peptides
32
# Cells of the immune system: lymphoid cells Natural Killer cells
- detect kill or don't kill signals from host cells - stimulate apoptosis in cells determined to be stressed, malignant, or virally infect
33
# Cells of the immune system: lymphoid cells T cells
recognize antigens displayed on host cells via glycoproteins called the MHC
34
t cell receptors
bind to antigens specific to a particular pathogen and stimulatet t cell activation and cytokine production
35
# Cells of the immune system: lymphoid cells B cells
produce antibodies that neutralize and/or tag antigens for destruction
36
# Organs and tissues of the immune system primary organs and tissues
where HSCs differentiate into immune cells
37
# Organs and tissues of the immune system: primary bone marrow
site of b cell development and selection during which self-reactive B cells are eliminated