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General Microbiology > An Intro to Viruses > Flashcards

An Intro to Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

acellular

A

not consisting of cells

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2
Q

obligate intracellular parasites

A

inert and incapable of reproduction outside of cells

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3
Q

bacteriophage

A

complex viruses capable of infecting bacteria

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4
Q

host range

A

spectrum of host cells (both the kind of organism and the type of cell) that a particular pathogen can infect

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5
Q

restriction enzymes

A

proteins that recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave them at or near the recognition site

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6
Q

CRISPR

A

a gene modification system

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7
Q

virome

A

collective viral community present in a specific environment or within a particular host organism

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8
Q

oncogenic

A

have some involvement in the development of transformed/cancerous cells

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9
Q

virion

A

mature virus particle

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10
Q

nucleocapsid

A

nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat

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11
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA or RNA

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12
Q

capsid

A

protein coat that protects viral nucliec acids

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13
Q

protomer

A

protein subunits that make up the capsid

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14
Q

capsomere

A

made of protomers and determines shape of the virus

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15
Q

helical capsid

A

protomers form a rigid hollow tube

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16
Q

icosahedral capsid

A

regular polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular faces and 12 vertices

17
Q

Capsid of Complex Symmetry

A

not helical or icosahedral

18
Q

Capsid of Complex Symmetry

poxviruses

A

largest animal viruses with ovoid to brick shap exteriors

19
Q

Capsid of Complex Symmetry

complex phage

A

binal symmetry with icosahedral head and helical tail

20
Q

Naked capsid virus
- Advantage?

A

virion includes only a nucleocapsid
- remain infectious outside of the body for longer compared to eveloped viruses

21
Q

enveloped virus
- disadvantage?

A

virion includes nucleocapsid and envelope
- need fluid for transmission

22
Q

virus envelope

A

lipids and carbohydrats acquired from host membrane and envelope proteins called spikes which are encoded by the virus

23
Q

spikes
- function?

A

envelope proteins
- host cell attachment
- antigenic
- enzyme function

24
Q

Virion Enzymes for Infection//Biosynthesis

lysozyme

A
  • encoded by phage
  • makes hole to allow for entry of phage nucleic acids
  • produced at the end of biosynthesis to lyse the host bacterial cell
25
Q

Virion Enzymes for Infection//Biosynthesis

neuroaminidase

A
  • spike protein encoded by influenze that has enzymatic activity
  • supports separation of the envelope from the host cell during release
26
Q

Virion Enzymes for Infection//Biosynthesis

Nucleic acid polymerase

A

support replication of viral nucleic acids that host cell cannot replicate

27
Q

Virion Enzymes for Infection//Biosynthesis

RNA replicase

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded by RNA viruses

28
Q

Virion Enzymes for Infection//Biosynthesis

reverse transcriptase

A

converts retrovirus RNA into DNA

29
Q

Virus Classification

The Baltimore Scheme

A
  • developed by David Baltimore
  • groups viruses based on relationship between their genomes and mRNA
  • DOES NOT describe relationship between viruses
30
Q

Virus Classification

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

A
  • uses host range, structural morphology, replication cycle, nucleic acid sequence and pathogenicity to classify
31
Q

Steps in the Viral Replication Cycle

Eclipse Phase

A

time when no virions are detected in or outside of cells (genome is being replicated and protein synthesized)

32
Q

Steps in the Viral Replication Cycle

Maturation

A

packaging of nucleic acids in capsids (first virion detected)

33
Q

Steps in the Viral Replication Cycle

burst size

A

number of virions released, increases during maturation and then plateaus

34
Q

Steps in the Viral Replication Cycle

Latent period

A

eclipse + maturation phases

35
Q

Steps in the Viral Replication Cycle

attachment

A

ligand on the virion attaches to a receptor on the host cell

36
Q

Steps in the Viral Replication Cycle

entry

A

genome alone or entire nucleocapsid or virion enters the host cell

37
Q

Steps in the Viral Replication Cycle

synthesis

A

viral nucleic acids are synthesized/replicated and viral proteins are syntehsized

38
Q

Steps in the Viral Replication Cycle

assembly

A

nucleic acids are packaged in the capsid

39
Q

Steps in the Viral Replication Cycle

release

A

host cell lysis or budding occurs

General Microbiology (11 decks)

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