unit 1 sac 2 Flashcards
What does CTE stand for?
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
chronic - longterm
traumatic - injury
encephalo - brain
pathy - suffering from a disease
What is CTE?
CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy) is the long term neurodegenerative disease that builds up overtime and is linked to repeated impacts to the head.
What is a neurodegenerative disease? (2 marks)
An incurable condition that involves the progressive death of neurons
What are the known causes of CTE? (4 marks)
The known causes of CTE are:
- participation in contact sports
- environmental influences (toxins and air pollution worsen brain health)
- repetitive head trauma (headbanging as a way of self harm)
- Age of exposure to head trauma (experiencing head trauma at a young age may increase the chances of CTE as the brain is growing which makes it vulnerable.)
What are the four stages of the symptoms of CTE known as? (3 marks)
Stage 1 - mild
stage 2 - moderate
stage 3 - moderate
stage 4 - severe
What are the 4 symptoms of CTE in stage 1? (5 marks)
stage 1 - mild
- headaches
- mild agression
- some isolated clusters of tau protein in some parts of the brain
- poor concentration
- mild depressive symptoms
What are the 4 symptoms of CTE in stage 2? (5 marks)
stage 2 - moderate
- suicidality
- agression increases
- moderate tau deposition
- cognitive dysnfunction increases
- depression increases
What are the 4 symptoms of CTE in stage 3? (5 marks)
stage 3 - moderate
- suicidality
- aggression increases
- depression increases
- cognitive dysfunction increases
- multiple clusters of tau protein
what are the 4 symptoms of CTE in stage 4? (5 marks)
stage 4 - severe
- suicidality
- depression
- severe dementia
- severe tau deposition across the most brain regions
- paranoia
What is Tau protein? What does it do in CTE that is harmful? How does this happen?(3 marks)
Tau protein is needed by the cells for the structural stability and maintenance of neurons.
In CTE, Tau protein excessively builds up in neurons, which disrupts the cell to undergo vital processes to keep it healthy, while also preventing it to communicate with nearby neurons.
In a healthy brain, the excess tau protein is broken down and removed. This is not possible in CTE, which makes it a bigger issue.
What is the impact of CTE on a persons biological functioning? (3 marks)
CTE can impact biological functioning by:
- the buildup of tau protein
- headaches
- problems with motor skills
What is the impact of CTE on a persons psychological functioning? (3 marks)
CTE can impact psycholgical functioning by:
- depression
- anxiety
- inability to pay attention
- paranoid thoughts
What is the impact of CTE on a person’s social functioning? (3 marks)
CTE can impact social functioning by:
- increased aggression that can affect social relationships
- isolation
- impaired communication with others.
What are some ways you can prevent CTE in relation to contact sports? (2 marks)
To prevent CTE in contact sports:
- Change the way contact sports are played so its safer.
- When players are injured, encourage the act of reporting those symptoms to the coach.
What are some ways you can treat CTE in relation to contact sports?
It is currently known that CTE is incurable and irreversible.
- The early treatment of TBI (traumatic brain injury) might reduce the risk of CTE
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