how are people influenced to behave particularly Flashcards
UNIT 2 AOS 1
Social Cognition
How we JUDGE (cognitive aspect) others in SOCIAL SITUATIONS (social aspect) by interpreting and analysing information.
Cognitive Bias
A SYSTEMATIC ERROR in thinking generally due to the OVERSIMPLIFYING of the information given in a situation.
Personal Perception
The MENTAL PROCESSES we use to FORM IMPRESSIONS of other people.
Physical Cues
The PHYSICAL characteristics and BEHAVIOURS of people that INFLUENCE our impressions of them. These cues make us INFER certain QUALITIES about people.
The Halo Effect
A COGNITIVE BIAS in which ONE impression of a person INFLUENCES OUR BELIEF about the other qualities.
Body Language
NON-VERBAL communication in which PHYSICAL BEHAVIOUR and MOVEMENT rather than words are used to EXPRESS and deliver a certain message.
Saliency Detection
A descriptor for anything that is PROMINENT, stands out or is otherwise noticeable when COMPARED to its surroundings
Social Categorisation
A MENTAL SHORTCUT that helps with PERSON PERCEPTION to CATEGORISE
people into groups based on their SHARED CHARACTERISTICS.
Attributions
INFERENCES (guesses) we make about the CAUSES or reasons of EVENTS and BEHAVIOURS (both others and our own).
Attitudes
A person’s EVALUATION of other people, objects, issues, or anything else.
3 ways attitudes are formed:
- media
- direct contact/personal experience
- interactions
List the tri-cmoponent model of attitudes and what they’re in charge of:
- Affective (how we feel)
- Behavioural (how we behave)
- Cognition (what we think)
Stereotypes
A collection of FIXED IDEAS about members of a certain groups where their INDIVIDUAL differences are IGNORED.
How are stereotypes helpful?
- Stereotypes helps guide interactions with people.
- Stereotypes helps determine how we should act around certain people.
- Might keep you from getting hurt.
How are stereotypes harmful?
- They ignore individual differences which make people feel neglected.
- They are not always accurate and based on incorrect or inadequate information.
- Individuals are unlikely to have all the characteristics of the stereotypes that you assumed.
Stigma
the NEGATIVE ATTITUDES against someone based on a DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC
effects of stigma
- Makes people feel neglected and not understood as an individual person.
- It lowers their trust or confidence in other groups, as well as self esteem.
3.Develop feelings of isolation and shame.
Prejudice
the NEGATIVE FEELINGS towards a person solely because they belong to a certain GROUP
Distinguish between old fashion and modern prejudice
old fashion prejudice:
- deliberate and obvious
- segregation in employment, housing, schooling.
modern prejudice:
- indirect and subtle.
- Displays a fake acceptance but are really just prejudiced.
eg: will interview all people but only hire white people.
Discrimination
the NEGATIVE BEHAVIOURS towards a person solely because they belong to a certain GROUP
Effects of discrimination on wellbeing
- psychological issues
- weak immune system which can lead to future health problems such as diabetes and cancer.
- Can develop mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, and PTSD
- Can develop bad habits such as drugs, excess alcohol use, smoking, and unhealthy eating habits.
tri components of attitudes in terms of prejudice, discrimination and stigma.
(a) Affective - prejudice
(b) Behaviour - discrimination
(c) Cognition - stigma stereotypes
Sexism
The prejudice or discrimination based on a persons sex or gender.
Prejudice + Discrimination theory
Prejudiced feelings lead to discriminating behaviours.
Ageism
THe prejudice or discrimination based on a persons age.
Racism
The prejudice or discrimination based on a persons race or ethnicity.
Homophobia
The prejudice or discrimination based on a personss sexual orientation.
Changing Social Norms
Views that a group or society think are acceptable/unacceptable in social interactions.
Ways to change social norms
- Education (more educated people are more likely to express less stereotypes)
- legislation/law (antidiscrimination legislation has decreased the open expressions or prejudice in Australia.
- media (online debates will people more aware about situations, further pressuring the government and agencies to act.
Inter group contact
A theory that there must be a more direct contact and approach between the two groups to reduce prejudice between them.
The 4 types of Inter-group contact.
- Sustained contact.
- Mutual interdependence.
- Superordinate goals.
- Equality of Status.
Sustained Contact
The PROLONGED and COOPERATIVE interaction between two groups that have prejudiced each other.
Mutual Interdependence
Two groups that DEPEND ON EACH OTHER to reach a COMMON GOAL
Superordinate Goals
Top-level, ultimate goals that are shared between people who have prejudiced, which cannot be achieved alone or without other people.
Equality of Status
Being on the SAME LEVEL as one another, where neither group have more/less power or status than the other.
Status
The level of IMPORTANCE (real or imagined) that group members percieve in regards to other group members position in that group.
Power
An individual’s ability to CONTROL or STRONGLY INFLUENCE the thoughts, feelings, and behaviour of another person in the group.
Group
Two or more people who INTERACT and INFLUENCE each other to reach a common goal.
Collective
A collection of people who exert MINIMUM INFLUENCE on each otherand don’t interact with EVERY person in the collection.
