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Psychology Unit 1/2 > Unit 1 Exam Revision > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological Development

A

an individual’s changes in functioning across multiple domains, including the lifelong growth across emotional, cognitive, and social domains

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2
Q

Hereditary Factors

A

factors that influence development and are
genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring

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3
Q

Environmental Factors

A

factors that influence development and arise from an individual’s physical and social surroundings

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4
Q

Genetic Predisposition

A

the increased likelihood to develop certain traits, including diseases, if certain conditions are met

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5
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

a holistic, interdisciplinary framework for understanding the human experience in terms of the influence of biological, psychological, and
social factors

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6
Q

Emotional Development

A

the continuous, lifelong development of skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way

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7
Q

Attachment

A

a long-lasting emotional bond between two individuals:
- Secure attachment - trust, value, emotional security
- Insecure attachment - craving/rejecting affection, anxiety, bad emotional expression

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8
Q

Cognitive Development

A

the continuous, lifelong development of the ability to think, comprehend, and organise information from the internal and external environment

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9
Q

Stages of Development in Cognition

A

Sensorimotor (0-2) - object permanence, goal-directed behaviour

Preoperational (2-7) - egocentric, overcome centration, understand reversibility

Concrete operational (7-12) - understand conservation, classification, perform simple metal operations

Formal operational (12+) - produce abstract thought, reason and logic

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10
Q

Social Development

A

the continuous, lifelong development of certain skills, attitudes, relationships, and behaviours that enable an individual to interact with others and to function as a member of society

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11
Q

Crises across the lifespan (0-12)

A

Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1) - reliable caregivers = trust, trusting relationships as adult

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3) - encouraged = autonomy, independence as adult

Initiative vs. guilt (3-6) - interact with others = independent thought, self confidence

Industry vs. inferiority (6-12) - feels proud of performances = industry

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12
Q

Crises across the lifespan (12-65+)

A

Identity vs. role confusion (12-19) - made clear = sense of identity

Intimacy vs. isolation (19-30) - sense of self/trust = intimacy

Generativity vs. stagnation (30-64) - sense of purpose & connect w/ society = generativity

Integrity vs. despair (65+) - satisfaction w/ achievements = integrity

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13
Q

Maturation

A

the biologically programmed process of growth that has a fixed sequence and facilitates all aspects of our development as we grow

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14
Q

Plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to physically change shape in response to experience and learning

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15
Q

Critical periods

A

the narrow, rigid developmental period in
which a specific function or skill must be learnt
e.g. 1st language acquisition

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16
Q

Sensitive periods

A

the optimal developmental period for a specific
function or skill to be learnt in the fastest and
easiest way
e.g. 2nd language acquisition

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17
Q

Psychological criteria for categorising typical and atypical behaviour

A
  • cultural perspectives
  • social norms
  • statistical rarity
  • personal distress
  • maladaptive behaviour
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18
Q

Neurotypicality

A

a term used to describe individuals who display
neurological and cognitive functioning that is typical or expected

Individual usually:
- good communication skills
- focus for prolonged periods
- function in distracting environments
- adapt to change in routine

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19
Q

Neurodiversity

A

variations in neurological development and functioning within and between groups of people

Individuals usually:
- express themselves through creativity
- can’t focus for prolonged periods but detail oriented
- get distracted easily
- difficult adapting to change

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20
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

a neurodevelopmental condition characterised
by impaired social interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties, and narrow interests, and repetitive behaviour

Brain:
- big brain in childhood, normal after
- thinner temporal cortex (sounds & speech)
- thicker frontal cortex (complex social & cognitive processes)

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21
Q

ASD - strengths and challenges

A

Strengths:
- attention to detail
- retention of facts
- high motivation & enthusiasm in activities of interest
- high accuracy
- good problem solving

Challenges:
- unable to make/keep eye contact
- unable to read facial expressions & recognise emotions
- not good with routine change
- obsessive and singular interest
- delayed language, movement, cognitive/learning skills

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22
Q

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a neurological condition characterised by
persistent inattention or hyperactivity that disrupts social, academic, or occupational functioning

Brain:
- hyperactivity (increased) & hypoactivity (decreased) in some brain regions
- delayed maturation of cerebral cortex (cognitive & attention control)
- faster maturation of motor cortex (restlessness & fidgeting)

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23
Q

ADHD - strengths and challenges

A

Strengths:
- hyperfocus
- creative
- enthusiasm
- find innovative ways to complete tasks

Challenges:
- time management
- concentration
- staying on top
- acting rationally
- emotional articulation
- impulsivity

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24
Q

Dyslexia

A

a neurologically based learning difficulty manifested as severe challenges in reading,
spelling, writing words, and sometimes in
arithmetic

Brain:
- less grey matter volume (reading skills, speech processing, spelling recognition)
- weaker white matter organisation (reading speed)
- hypoactivation of certain brain regions (recognising symbols & letters & associating them with sounds)
- reduced neuroplasticity of left-hemisphere (language & reading)

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25
Q

Dyslexia - strengths and challenges

A

Strengths:
- strong memory
- puzzle solving skills
- spatial awareness
- initiating conversation
- big-picture thinking
- narrative reasoning

Challenges:
- reading and writing
- slow learning
- forming words
- understanding jokes/expressions
- lack confidence in activities w/ reading/writing

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26
Q

Mental wellbeing

A

an individual’s current psychological state,
involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions

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27
Q

Mental health workers

A

members of a mental health treatment team who assist in providing a wide range of services and care for patients with psychological or social problems

social workers – support people make change to improve personal & social wellbeing by connecting people to sources of support (housing, therapy)

Youth workers – support young people develop skills needed to make changes in their lives

OTs – promote wellbeing by letting people participate in responsibilities of everyday life

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28
Q

Psychologists

A

an individual who is professionally trained in one or more branches or subfields of psychology

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29
Q

Psychiatrist

A

a doctor who specialises in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and study of mental, behavioural, and personality disorders

  • A medical doctor who can prescribe medication
  • need a referral
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30
Q

Mental health organisation

A

a company or group that works to address or advocate for mental health, such as through providing support or specialised services

  • mental health workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, and mental health organisations work together to provide holistic support for a patient

E.g., kids helpline, beyond blue, headspace, amaze, lifeline

31
Q

Structural neuroimaging techniques

A

Computerised tomography (CT) :
- 2D x-rays are stacked to create a 3D image
- used for disease/disorder detection
- black and white & aren’t as detailed
- uses electromagnetic ionising radiation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- uses magnetic & radio fields to take detailed 2D and 3D images
- used for disease/disorder detection
- less harmful than CT scans
- produce detailed, coloured images

32
Q

Functional neuroimaging techniques

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)
- person injected w/ radioactive glucose substance - help brain light up when active
- solution releases emissions helps trace biochemical changes
- person asked to complete a task
- shows colours - represent level of activity
- red = most activity, purple = least

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
- uses magnetic & radio fields to take 2D and 3D images
- measures activity by tracing biochemical changes in brain - traces oxygen
- activity reflected w/colours
- preferred method - higher quality images, no needle

33
Q

Hindbrain

A

a region at the base of the brain, located
around and including some of the brainstem
- responsible for coordinating basic survival functions
- in terms of evolution, was 1st to develop
- contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

34
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • monitor and coordinate skeletal muscle movement
  • Receives info about body’s position in space & planned motor movements from brain regions
  • Maintaining balance and posture
  • Controlling voluntary movement (procedural and sequential) (riding a bike, tying your shoe)
  • Forms and consolidates procedural memories (knowing how to brush your teeth…)

Damage = difficulty coordinate muscle control for everyday activity (walking etc), problems with balance, difficulty with speech

35
Q

Medulla

A
  • connects brain and spinal cord, pathway for neural signals
  • regulate autonomic processes, (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion)
  • controls reflexive actions (vomiting, coughing, sneezing)
  • subconscious and are fundamental to survival

Damage = often fatal (e.g. blow to back of head)

36
Q

Pons

A
  • located above medulla (small bundle of nerve tissue)
  • regulates respiratory system & controls sleeping, dreaming, & waking.
  • involved in involuntary behaviours (blinking)
  • relays info between brain areas, (cerebral cortex-cerebellum) (medulla-midbrain)

Damage = often fatal/develops locked-in-syndrome (no sensory/motor function, except moving eyes up and down, or blinking)

37
Q

Midbrain

A

a region at the centre of the brain, between the hindbrain and forebrain, and is part of the brainstem
- relays info between hindbrain-forebrain
- process sensory info (auditory, visual, tactile)
- coordinates motor movement relating to sensory stimuli (eye movement)
- regulates sleep & physiological arousal
- contains the reticular formation

38
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • network of neurons that run through centre of midbrain & hindbrain & up toward forebrain
  • filters neural info that’s travelling to brain & directs them to brain areas & structures.
  • integrates & relays neural info relating to survival & reflexive functions
  • regulates sleep, wakefulness, consciousness.
  • regulates physiological arousal & alertness through the reticular activating system (RAS), to higher brain areas about necessary info

Damage= disruption of sleep-wake cycle & result in coma/chronic vegetative state

39
Q

Forebrain

A

a large and prominent brain region
that is located at the top and front of the brain
- cognitions, perception, learning, language, memory
-receiving & processing sensory info, voluntary movement
- contains intricate neuronal networks - enables higher-order functions
- contains cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

40
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • maintains body’s internal environment (homeostasis)
  • regulates release of hormones from various glands - controls pituitary gland.
  • Influences basic biological needs (hunger, thirst, sleep).
  • Part of the limbic system – involved in emotions (anger and fear)

Damage = inability to regulate internal bodily functions, problems with sleep, overwhelming urge to eat, uncontrollable anger

41
Q

Thalamus

A
  • filters info from sense receptor sites (except nose), passes to relevant brain areas for further processing.
  • relays motor signals b/w higher & lower brain areas involved in motor control (relaying sensory and motor signals)

Damage = visual or hearing impairment or inability to feel sensations when touched

42
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • occupies most of forebrain
  • outer surface called the cerebral cortex -
    2 hemispheres (left and right), connected via corpus callosum - allows passing of information
  • coordinates cognition, perception, judgement, language, and problem-solving.
  • receives & processes sensory info, & initiates voluntary motor movement.
43
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer of the cerebrum that covers the brain
- composed of 3 functional areas: motor, sensory & association
- divided into 4 regions: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal (FPOT)

44
Q

Functional areas

A

motor areas - initiating & executing motor movement, made of motor neurons

sensory areas - receiving & processing sensory info, made of sensory neurons

association areas - integrate info from motor & sensory areas to execute complex processes

45
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • largest of the four lobes
  • located in the upper forward half of each cerebral hemisphere
    Association and motor areas:
  • prefrontal cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • primary motor cortex
  • broca’s area
46
Q

Prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex

A

Prefrontal cortex:
behind the forehead
- association area
- reasoning & logic, planning, problem-solving, decision-making, attention, emotions, reactions, self-awareness, personality
- plans required motor sequence & sends instruction to premotor cortex

Premotor Cortex:
- motor area
- organises movement sequence
- prepares movement sequence & sends to primary motor cortex

Primary motor cortex:
- motor area
- controls voluntary movement through skeletal muscles
- PMC in left lobe controls right side of body (vice versa)
- sends signals to cerebellum to do movement

Prefrontal –> premotor –> primary motor

47
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • association area
  • next to motor cortex in frontal lobe of left hemisphere
  • coordinates muscle movement for speech & provides info to right motor areas
  • production of articulate speech

Damage = brocas aphasia - difficulty forming clear speech (no loss in comprehension)

48
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • behind frontal lobe & upper back half of brain
  • association area - attention, spatial reasoning, judging position in space, info abt muscle movement
  • sensory area - primary somatosensory cortex
49
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A
  • sensory area
  • processes info from skin & body parts
  • left parietal lobes receive info from right side of body (vice versa)
50
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • back of cerebral hemisphere
  • association area - visual perception & interpretation, organises & integrates info from sensory area with other info
  • sensory area - primary visual cortex

Damage = serious visual impairment

51
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A
  • sensory area
  • back of each occipital lobe
  • where visual info from eyes is stored
  • right primary visual cortex receives info from left visual field (vice versa)
52
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • lower central area of brain
  • association area - processing auditory info, plays important role in memory

Functional areas:
- primary auditory cortex (sensory area)
- wernicke’s area (association area)

53
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A
  • receives & processes sounds from both ears to perceive & identify different types of sounds
  • left hemisphere - verbal sounds (like words)
  • right hemisphere - non-verbal sounds (music)
54
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • only in left hemisphere
  • below primary auditory cortex
  • comprehension of speech
55
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell that receives and transmits neural information

Dendrites - receive info from other neurons & transmits it to the nucleus
Nucleus/Soma - combines info received from dendrites
Axon - transmits info from nucleus to other neurons/cells
Myelin - fatty, insulating coating on axon to speed up message transmission
Axon terminals - stores & releases neurotransmitters across the synapse

56
Q

Synapse

A

the region that includes the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron, the synaptic gap, and
the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron

57
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the brain to change in response
to experience or environmental stimulation

58
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

changes in the brain that occur in response to
ageing and maturation
Factors that influence it:
- synaptogenesis
- synaptic pruning
- myelination

59
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

the formation of synapses between neurons as
axon terminals and dendrites grow
- can occur throughout lifespan, most intense in infancy

60
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

the elimination of underused synapses
- occurs throughout lifespan, most intense when 2/3 yrs and adolescence

61
Q

Myelination

A

the formation and development of myelin
around the axon of a neuron
- contributes to increase in brain size
- allows neurons to send messages faster
- sensory areas are myelinated before motor areas

62
Q

Brain Trauma

A

damage to the brain that is caused by
an external force
Effects on neurons:
- death of neurons & neuronal connections
- overstimulation of neurons - too many neurotransmitters in tissue
- damage to neurons for specific tasks

63
Q

Adaptive plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to restore adequate neural
functioning over time after sustaining injury
Factors that influence it:
- sprouting
- rerouting

64
Q

Sprouting

A

a neuron’s ability to develop new branches on the dendrites or axons

65
Q

Rerouting

A

a neuron’s ability to form a new connection with another undamaged neuron

66
Q

Ways to maintain brain functioning

A
  • mental stimulation
  • diet
  • physical activity
  • social support
67
Q

Acquired brain injury

A

all types of brain injury that occur after birth

68
Q

Traumatic and non-traumatic brain injury

A

Traumatic brain injury - damage to the brain caused by an external force

Non-traumatic brain injury - damage to the brain caused by internal factors

69
Q

Brain injury effect on biopsychosocial functioning

A

Biological function:
- behaviour
- organ function
- cellular and neuronal function
- seizures, movement impairment, smell impairment

Psychological function:
- cognition
- behaviour
- emotion
- memory loss, personality changes, increased susceptibility to mental health disorders

Social function:
- relationships
- interactions with the environment
- interpersonal skills
- job productivity, social support, antisocial behaviour

70
Q

Neurological disorders

A

diseases characterised by any damage to or
malfunctioning of the nervous system

71
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • a progressive disease of the nervous system characterised by both motor and non-motor symptoms
  • progressive loss of neurons in the brain.
  • Neurodegeneration occurs in the part of the brain that produces dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for coordination of voluntary movement & pleasure and pain.
  • low dopamine levels lead to the symptoms

Motor symptoms - tremors, reduced motor control, muscles stiffness
Non-motor symptoms - problems w/ cognition, fatigue, depression & anxiety

72
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases

A

a disease characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain

73
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

a progressive and fatal brain disease associated with repeated head injuries and concussions

Concussion - a mild traumatic brain injury that
temporarily disrupts brain function

Symptoms:
- impairment in executive functions
- memory loss
- depression
- disturbances in behaviour
- anxiety and paranoia
- mood impairments

Diagnosis:
- can only be diagnosed in a post-mortem examination
- associated with the build-up of a protein (p-tau) in brain regions
- ^ forms neurofibrillary tangles - stop transport of essential substances and eventually kill the neuron

Psychology Unit 1/2 (10 decks)

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