Chapter 6 - Social cognition Flashcards

- Judging and perceiving others - Cognitive dissonance and cognitive biases - Heuristics - Prejudice, discrimination, and stigma

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1
Q

Person perception

A

the different mental processes used to understand and form impressions of other people

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2
Q

Attribution

A

an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of making this evaluation

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3
Q

Attribution

A

an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of making this evaluation

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4
Q

Internal attribution (personal attribution)

A

when we judge behaviour as being caused by something personal within an individual

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5
Q

External attribution (situational attribution)

A

when we determine the cause of a behaviour as resulting from situational factors occurring outside the individual

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6
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

out tendency to explain other people’s behaviour in terms of internal factors, while ignoring possible external factors

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7
Q

Attributional style

A

tendencies and repeated patterns in the way someone makes attributions

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8
Q

Attitude

A

an evaluation of something, such as a person, object, event, or idea

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9
Q

Tri-component model of attitudes (known as ‘A-B-C’ or ‘tripartite’ model)

A

a model which illustrates the relationship between the affective, behavioural, and cognitive components of our attitudes

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10
Q

Affective component

A

our emotions and intuitive feelings towards something, reflected in our attitude

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11
Q

Behavioural component

A

our outward and observable actions that reflect our point of view about something

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12
Q

Cognitive component

A

our thoughts and beliefs towards something

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13
Q

Stereotype

A

a widely held belief and generalisation about a group, such as people, animals or objects

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14
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

the psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviours do not align with one another

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15
Q

Cognitive biases

A

unconscious, systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality

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16
Q

Confirmation bias

A

the tendency to search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviours and ignore contradictory information

17
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

the tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors and situational causes while attributing other people’s actions to internal factors

18
Q

Self-serving bias

A

the tendency to attribute positive success to our internal character and actions and attribute our failures to external factors or situational causes

19
Q

Self-serving bias

A

the tendency to attribute positive success to our internal character and actions and attribute our failures to external factors or situational causes

20
Q

False-consensus bias

A

the tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attitudes as we do

21
Q

Halo effect

A

the tendency for the impression we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects

22
Q

Heuristics

A

information-processing strategies or ‘mental shortcuts’ that enable individuals to form judgements, make decisions, and solve problems quickly and efficiently

23
Q

Base-rate fallacy

A

a type of bias in which decisions, social perceptions, and judgements are influenced more by vivid memories and experiences than statistical fact

24
Q

Anchoring (adjustment) heuristic

A

an information-processing strategy that involves forming judgements based on the first information received about an idea or concept

25
Q

Availability heuristic

A

an information-processing strategy that enables individuals to form a judgement, solve a problem, or make a decision based on information that is easily accessible

26
Q

Representative heuristic

A

an information-processing strategy that involves making a categorical judgement about an idea, event, or person based on their similarity to other items in that category

27
Q

Affect heuristic

A

an information-processing strategy that involves using emotions to make a judgement or decision

28
Q

Prejudice

A

an often negative preconception held against people within a certain group or social category

29
Q

Discrimination

A

the unjust treatment of people due to their membership within a certain social category

30
Q

Stigma

A

the feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual for a characteristic that differentiates them from others

31
Q

Mental wellbeing

A

an individual’s current psychological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions