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Psychology Unit 1/2 > Ch1 - Key Science skills > Flashcards

Ch1 - Key Science skills Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of human mental states and behaviour

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2
Q

Aim

A

a statement outlining the purpose of an investigation

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction about the outcome of an investigation
(it was hypothesised that…)

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4
Q

Population

A

the group of people who are the focus of the research and from which the sample is drawn

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5
Q

Controlled experiment

A

a type of investigation in which the causal relationship between two variables is tested in a controlled environment
the effect of the IV on the DV is tested while aiming to control all other variables

Advantages: follows strictly controlled procedure so can be repeated to check results

Disadvantage: often only conducted in a lab so may not reflect real life

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6
Q

Independent variable (IV)

A

the variable for which quantities are manipulated by the researcher, and te variable that is assumed to have a direct effect on the DV

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7
Q

Dependent variable (DV)

A

the variable the researcher measured in an experiment for changes it may experience due to the effect of the IV

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8
Q

Controlled variables

A

variables other than the IV that a researcher controls in an investigation, to ensure that changes in the DV are solely due to changes in the IV

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9
Q

Case study

A

an in-depth investigation of an individual, group, or particular phenomenon that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world

Advantage: provide highly detailed info about phenomenon being studied

Disadvantages: results can’t be generalised

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10
Q

Correlational study

A

a type of non-experimental study in which researchers observe and measure the relationship between two or more variables without any active control or manipulation of them

Advantages: no manipulation of variables required

Disadvantage: can be subject to influence of extraneous variables

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11
Q

Fieldwork

A

any research involving observation and interaction with people and environments in real-world settings, conducted beyond the laboratory

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12
Q

Experimental group

A

the group of participants in an experiment who are exposed to a manipulated IV

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13
Q

Control group

A

the group of participants in an experiment who receive no experimental treatment or intervention in order to serve as a baseline for comparison

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14
Q

Within-subjects design

A

an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition

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15
Q

Between-subjects design

A

an experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition

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16
Q

Types of fieldwork

A
  • direct observations
  • qualitative interviews
  • questionnaires
  • focus groups
  • yarning circles
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17
Q

Sample

A

a subset of the research population who participate in a study

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17
Q

Generalisable/external validity

A

the ability for a sample’s results to be used to make conclusions about the wider research population

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18
Q

Convenience sampling

A

any sampling technique that involves selecting readily available members of the population, rather than using a random or systematic approach

Advantage: time effective
Disadvantage: unlikely to produce representative sample

19
Q

Random sampling

A

any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected.

Advantage: reduces experimenter bias
Disadvantage: may be time-consuming

20
Q

Stratified sampling

A

any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population in a way that ensures that its strata are proportionally represented in the sample

Advantage: likely to produce a representative sample
Disadvantage: can be time-consuming & expensive

21
Q

Extraneous variable

A

any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

22
Q

Confounding variable

A

a variable that has directly and systematically affected the DV, apart from the IV

23
Q

Participant related variables

A

characteristics of a study’s participants that may affect the results

24
Q

Order effects

A

the tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on their behaviour

25
Q

Placebo effect

A

when participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment as a result of their expectations or beliefs

26
Q

Experimenter effect

A

when the expectations of the researcher affect the results of an experiment

27
Q

Situational variables

A

any environmental factor that may affect the dependent variable

28
Q

Non-standardised instructions and procedures

A

when directions and procedures differ across participants or experimental conditions

29
Q

Demand characteristics

A

cues in an experiment that may signal to a participant the intention of the study and influence their behaviour

30
Q

Counterbalancing

A

a method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way

31
Q

Single blind procedure

A

a procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental group or condition they have been allocated

32
Q

Double blind procedure

A

a procedure in which both participants and the experimenter do not know which conditions or groups participants are allocated to

33
Q

Objective data

A

factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion

34
Q

Subjective data

A

data that is informed by personal opinion, perception, or interpretation

35
Q

Accuracy

A

how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured

36
Q

Precision

A

how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other

37
Q

Systematic errors

A

errors in data that differ from the true value by a consistent amount

38
Q

Random errors

A

errors in data that are unsystematic and occur due to chance

39
Q

Repeatability

A

the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time

40
Q

Reproducibility

A

the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions.

41
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which psychological tools and investigations truly support their findings or conclusions

42
Q

Internal validity

A

the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it claims to

43
Q

External validity

A

the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings

44
Q

Ethical concepts

A
  • Beneficence - minimising harm
  • Integrity
  • Justice
  • Non-maleficence - avoiding harm
  • Respect
45
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A
  • Confidentiality
  • informed consent procedures
  • deception
  • debriefing
  • voluntary participation
  • withdrawal rights

Psychology Unit 1/2 (10 decks)

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