Unit 1, Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is an adverse effect?
General term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect.
What is an agonist?
Drug that binds to a receptor and activates a physiologic response or drug action.
What is an antagonist?
Drug that binds to a receptor and interferes with other drugs or substances from producing a drug effect.
What is a chemical name?
Name that defines the chemical composition of a drug.
What are contraindications?
Situations or conditions when a certain drug should not be administered.
What is a controlled substance?
Drug that has the potential for abuse and thus is regulated by law.
What is a dose?
A measurement of the amount of drug that is administered.
What is a drug?
Chemical substance that produces a change in body function.
What are drug indications?
Intended or indicated uses for any drug.
What is ED50?
Effective dose 50, or dose that will produce an effect that is half of the maximal response.
What is a generic name?
Nonproprietary name of a drug.
What is LD50?
Lethal dose 50, or dose that will kill 50 percent of the laboratory animals tested.
What is the mechanism of action?
Explanation of how a drug produces its effects.
What is a nonprescription, over-the-counter (OTC) drug?
Drug that can be purchased without the services of a physician.
What is pharmacology?
Study of drugs.
What is potency?
Measure of the strength, or concentration, of a drug required to produce a specific effect.
What is a prescription drug?
Drug for which dispensing requires a written or phone order that can only be issued by or under the direction of a licensed physician.
What is a receptor?
Specific cellular structure that a drug binds to in order to produce a physiologic effect.
What is a side effect?
Drug effect other than the therapeutic effect that is usually undesirable but not harmful.
What is the site of action?
Location within the body where a drug exerts its therapeutic effect, often a specific drug receptor.
What is a therapeutic effect?
Desired drug effect to alleviate some condition or symptom of disease.
What is the therapeutic index (TI)?
Ratio of the LD50 to the ED50 in animal studies.
What is a toxic effect?
Undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning; can be very harmful or life-threatening.
What is a trade name?
Patented proprietary name of a drug sold by a specific drug manufacturer; also referred to as the brand name.
What is Pharmacodynamics?
Study of the action of drugs on living tissue
What is Pharmacokinetics?
Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
What is Pharmacotherapeutics?
Study of the use of drugs in treating disease
What is Pharmacy?
Science of preparing and dispensing medicines
What is Posology?
Study of the amount of drug that is required to produce therapeutic effects
What is Toxicology?
Study of the harmful effects of drugs on living tissue
What are Schedule I drugs?
Drugs with high abuse potential and no accepted medical use.
Examples include heroin, hallucinogens, and marijuana; these drugs are not to be prescribed.
What are Schedule II drugs?
Drugs with high abuse potential and accepted medical use.
Examples include narcotics (morphine and pure codeine), cocaine, and amphetamines; no refills without a new written prescription from the physician.
What are Schedule III drugs?
Drugs with moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use.
Examples include moderate- and intermediate-acting barbiturates, dronabinol, and anabolic steroids; prescription required, may be refilled five times in 6 months when authorized by the physician.
What are Schedule IV drugs?
Drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use.
Examples include phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, and zolpidem (Ambien); prescription required, may be refilled five times in 6 months when authorized by the physician.
What are Schedule V drugs?
Drugs with limited abuse potential and accepted medical use.
Examples include narcotic drugs used in limited quantities for antitussive (codeine) and antidiarrheal purposes (diphenoxylate, Lomotil); drugs can be sold only by a registered pharmacist; buyer must be 18 years old and show identification. Some states require a prescription for this class of drugs.
What was the Federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?
It was the first real drug law that required drugs to have minimal standards of drug strength and purity.
This law did not address the issue of drug efficacy or effectiveness.
What amendment was made to the Federal Pure Food and Drug Act in 1912?
The law was amended to include regulations for labeling and false claims of effectiveness.
What did the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 establish?
It set standards for drug safety and required drug manufacturers to show proof of drug safety after 40 patients died from taking a contaminated antibiotic.
The antibiotic contained diethylene glycol as a solvent.
What significant amendment was made to the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act in 1962?
It required pharmacologic and toxicologic research testing in several animal species before a drug could be tested in humans and established standards for drug safety and effectiveness.
This act was enforced by the Food and Drug Administration.
What was the impact of thalidomide discovered in 1960?
Thalidomide was found to produce phocomelia, a rare birth defect causing abnormal limb development.
What is the Federal Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970?
Commonly referred to as the Controlled Substance Act, it regulates the dispensing of controlled substances that have the potential for abuse.
This act is enforced by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
How are controlled substances classified under the Controlled Substance Act?
Controlled drugs are assigned to one of five schedules based on their medical usefulness and potential for abuse.
What is the current federal status of marijuana under the Controlled Substance Act?
Marijuana is still listed as a schedule I drug, despite some U.S. states legalizing its use.
What is a pharmacology principle 1 ?
Drugs do not create function, they only modify it.
What is a pharmacology principle 2?
No drug has a single action.
Side effects
