Unit 3 - Chapter's 41,42,43,44,45,46 Flashcards
What is antibacterial spectrum?
Bacteria that are susceptible to the antibacterial actions of a particular drug.
What is an antibiotic?
Antibacterial drug obtained from other microorganisms.
What is antibiotic susceptibility?
Identification of the antibiotics, by bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, that will be effective against specific bacteria.
What is an antimicrobial?
Antibacterial drugs obtained by chemical synthesis and not from other microorganisms.
What are bacteria?
Single-celled microorganisms, some of which cause disease.
What is bacterial resistance?
Ability of some bacteria to resist the actions of antibiotics.
What is bactericidal?
Antibiotic that kills bacteria.
What is bacteriostatic?
Antibiotic that inhibits the growth of, but does not kill, bacteria.
What are beta-lactamases?
Bacterial enzymes that inactivate penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics.
What is broad-spectrum?
Drug that is effective against a wide variety of both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.
What are cephalosporinases?
Bacterial enzymes that inactivate cephalosporin antibiotics.
What is chemoprophylaxis?
Use of antibiotics to prevent infection, usually before a surgical procedure or in patients at risk for infection.
What is chemotherapy?
Use of drugs to kill or inhibit the growth of infectious organisms or cancer cells.
What is gram negative?
Bacteria that retain only the red stain in a Gram stain.
What is gram positive?
Bacteria that retain only the purple stain in a Gram stain.
What is Gram stain?
Method of staining and identifying bacteria using crystal violet (purple) and safranin (red) stains.
What is pathogenic?
Type of bacteria that cause disease.
What is penicillinase?
Bacterial enzymes that inactivate penicillin antibiotics.
What are the basic shapes of bacteria?
The basic bacterial shapes are spherical (cocci), rod-like (bacilli), and curved rods (spirilla).
How are bacteria classified by arrangement?
Bacterial arrangements can be in pairs (diplo), chains (strepto), or clusters (staphylo).
What is the term for spherical bacteria?
Spherical bacteria are called cocci.
What is the term for rod-like bacteria?
Rod-like bacteria are called bacilli.
What is the term for curved rod bacteria?
Curved rod bacteria are called spirilla.
What does ‘diplo’ refer to in bacterial arrangement?
‘Diplo’ refers to bacteria arranged in pairs.
What does ‘strepto’ refer to in bacterial arrangement?
‘Strepto’ refers to bacteria arranged in chains.
What does ‘staphylo’ refer to in bacterial arrangement?
‘Staphylo’ refers to bacteria arranged in clusters.
What is acquired immunity?
Protection from viral reinfection in the form of antibodies produced during an infection (active) or produced after exposure to a vaccine (passive).
What is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
A viral disease characterized by multiple opportunistic infections as a result of depleted lymphocytes involved in the cell-mediated immune process.
What is albuminuria?
The presence of the plasma protein albumin in the urine.
What is an antigen?
Any substance that stimulates an immune response, that is, production of an antibody.
What are antigenic drift and antigenic shift?
The ability of viruses to change the composition or structure of their surface proteins (viral coat) that are responsible for producing disease (pathogenicity).
What is an antimetabolite?
A drug that is very similar to natural chemicals in a normal biochemical reaction in cells but different enough to interfere with the normal division and functions of cells.
What is candidemia?
Infection in the blood caused by the yeast Candida.
What is candidiasis?
Infection caused by the yeast Candida; also known as moniliasis.
What is a dendritic cell?
An antigen-presenting white blood cell that is found in the skin, mucosa, and lymphoid tissues and that initiates a primary immune response.
What does dermatophytic refer to?
Infection of the skin, hair, or nails caused by a fungus.
What is a fungicidal substance?
A substance, chemical solution, or drug that kills fungi.
What is a fungistatic substance?
Inhibits the growth of fungi but does not kill off the fungi.
What is a fungus?
A group of microorganisms with a membrane-bound nucleus that includes yeasts and molds.
What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus, responsible for producing AIDS.
What is H1N1?
A subtype of the influenza type A virus also referred to as swine flu or pig flu.
What is immunity?
Condition that causes individuals to resist acquiring or developing a disease or infection.
What does immunosuppressed mean?
Having inhibition of the body’s immune response (ability to fight infection), usually induced by drugs or viruses.
What does keratinized mean?
Composed of a protein substance largely found in hair and nails.
What is kerion?
An inflammation of the hair follicles of the beard or scalp caused by ringworm with swelling and pus.
What is leukopenia?
An abnormal decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells.
What is mitosis?
The process in cell division by which the nucleus divides.
What is moniliasis?
Fungal infection previously called monilia, now known to be Candida albicans.
What is mycosis?
Any disease caused by a fungus.
What is neutropenia?
An abnormally low number of neutrophils (white blood cells).
What is a nucleoside?
Molecule that contains purine or pyrimidine bases in combination with sugar (ribose or deoxyribose linkage).
What is onychomycosis?
A fungus infection of the nail; onycho-: pertaining to a claw or nail.
What is an opportunistic organism?
Microorganism capable of causing disease only when the resistance (immunocompetence) of the host is impaired.
What is phlebitis?
Inflammation of a vein.
What is porphyria (acute)?
A genetic disease associated with excessive liver production of delta-aminolevulonic acid and characterized by intermittent hypertension, abdominal cramps, and psychosis.
What is Reye’s syndrome?
A potentially fatal illness characterized by vomiting, an enlarged liver, convulsions, and coma, in children and adolescents; linked to the use of salicylates in the management of influenza, usually type B, or chickenpox.
What is sebum?
A lipid substance secreted by glands in the skin to lubricate the skin everywhere but the palms and soles.
What is thrombocytopenia?
An abnormal decrease in the number of circulating platelets.
What is thrush?
Term used for Candida infection in the mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx.
