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OCR PE > Unit 1 (Body Systems): Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Body Systems): Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of skeletons?

A

Axial and appendicular

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2
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Centre core to protect organs within it

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3
Q

What are the 8 bones that make up the axial skeleton?

A

Cranium, sternum, ribs, vertebral column (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)

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4
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A

26 bones, 5 regions which provide protection for the spinal cord and enables movement

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5
Q

How many bones are there in each section of the vertebral column?

A

C - 7
T - 12
L - 5
S - 5
C - 4

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6
Q

What type of joint is the cervical part of the vertebral column?

A

Atlas and axis (pivot joint).
Slightly moveable, cartilaginous joint.

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7
Q

What type of joints are in the thoracic and lumbar?

A

Slightly moveable, cartilaginous.

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8
Q

What type of joints are in the sacrum and coccyx?

A

Fixed and fused.

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9
Q

Function of the cervical section of the VC.

A

Movement.

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10
Q

Function of the thoracic section of the VC.

A

Protection.

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11
Q

Function of the lumbar section of the VC.

A

Movement and weight bearing.

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12
Q

Function of the sacrum section of the VC.

A

Attachment of the upper and lower body. Attaches to pelvis.
Weightbearing.

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13
Q

Function of the coccyx section of the VC.

A

Protection.
Attachment of the upper and lower body.

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14
Q

What type of bone is the VC?

A

Irregular

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15
Q

Movement at the cervical section of the VC.

A

Nodding, little rotation.

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16
Q

Movement at the thoracic section of the VC.

A

Less/Limited

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17
Q

Movement at the lumbar section of the VC.

A

(Lateral) flexion and (lateral) extension.

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18
Q

Movement at the sacrum and coccyx section of the VC.

A

None.

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19
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Allow movement of the body.

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20
Q

What is the function of the pelvis?

A

Connects the vertebral column to the femur.
Provide protection for the lower abdomen and reproductive organs.

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21
Q

What bones make up the pelvis?

A

Illium, ischium, pubis.

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22
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

A

Shape, support, protection, movement, blood cell production and mineral storage.

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23
Q

Describe shape as a function of the skeleton.

A

Provide shape helping determine the shape of our face to our height. E.g. Femur length.

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24
Q

Describe support as a function of the skeleton.

A

Support for organs, attachment point (ribs to sternum).

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25
Describe protection as a function of the skeleton.
Essential protection (Brain protected by the cranium)
26
Describe movement as a function of the skeleton.
Attachment point for muscles with joints.
27
Describe blood cell production as a function of the skeleton.
Central core of marrow of long bones where RB and WBCs can be used for functions like nerve transmissions and metabolism.
28
What are the 5 types of bones?
Long, short, flat, sesamoid and irregular.
29
Describe long bones.
Bones that are longer than they are wide (femur).
30
Function of long bones.
Storing minerals, movement and blood cell production.
31
Describe short bones.
Bones that are short and almost cube-like in shape (carpals and tarsals).
32
Function of short bones.
Weightbearing.
33
Describe flat bones.
Flatter than they are wide. (Scapula)
34
Function of flat bones.
Protection.
35
Describe sesamoid bones.
Similar to short bones but found within a tendon (patella).
36
Function of sesamoid bones.
To reduce friction.
37
Describe irregular bones.
Bones that do not fit into any other category (vertebrae).
38
What are the 3 classifications of joints?
Fixed and fused, slightly moveable/cartilaginous, freely moveable/synovial joints.
39
Define fixed and fused joints.
Allow no movement. E.g. cranium, sacrum, coccyx and pelvis
40
Define slightly moveable cartilaginous joints.
These join bones together with cartilage only, allowing small movements. E.g. Vertebrae
41
Define freely moveable synovial joints.
6 types. Allow a much greater range of movement. E.g. Femur and Pelvis
42
Name the 6 types of synovial joints
Hinge Ball and socket Pivot Condyloid Saddle Gliding
43
Hinge joints
Elbow and knee Allow movement in ONE plane Extension and flexion
44
Ball and socket joint
Allow movement in four planes Rotate in all directions E.g. Shoulder and hip
45
Pivot joint
Movement in one plane Rotation and nodding at the atlas and axis of the neck
46
Condyloid joint
Appearance of a shallow pestle and mortar Movement in three planes Wrists
47
Gliding joint
Two relatively flat bones Little movement E.g. lower Vertebrae
48
Name all structures of synovial joints
Articular cartilage Ligaments Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Menisci Pads of fat Bursae Joint capsules
49
Define articular cartilage
Hard, smooth and bluish White colour Smooth and glossy consistency, reducing friction between bone ends
50
Ligaments
Stabiliser Very strong and slightly elastic Hold two ends of bone together ensuring stability while enabling movement
51
Define synovial membrane
Lunes they synovial joint producing and containing the synovial fluid within it
52
Define synovial fluid
Thick white fluid that lubricated the joint to reduce friction
53
Define menisci
Pads of tissue between articular cartilage and sit within synovial fluid. Shock absorbers
54
Define pads of fat
Friction absorbers Fill the space below patella
55
Define bursae
Small sacks filled with fluid Where skin, ligaments or bones could cause friction
56
Define joint capsules
Protective layers around a joint
57
Describe flexion
Decreasing the angle of a joint (Upwards face of a bicep curl)
58
Describe extension
Increasing the angle of a joint (eg downwards phase of a bicep curl)
59
Define lateral flexión
Movement of the spine laterally away from the midline of the body (eg cartwheel)
60
Define abduction
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body (eg goalkeeping save)
61
Define adduction
Moving a body part towards the midline of the body (eg a star jump)
62
Define horizontal abduction
Moving a body part away from the body on a horizontal plane (tennis serve)
63
Define horizontal adduction
Moving a body part towards the midline of the body on a horizontal plane (hitting a tennis ball)
64
Define horizontal flexion
Decreasing the angle of a joint on a horizontal plane (goalkeeping save)
65
Define horizontal extension
Increasing the angle of a joint on a horizontal plane (goalkeeping save)
66
Define medial rotation
Rotational movement towards the midline of the body (tennis serve)
67
Define lateral rotation
Rotational movement away from the midline of the body (tennis serve)
68
Define circumduction
Rotation combined with flexion extension abduction and adduction (cricket bowl or butterfly swimming)
69
Define pronation
Palm of hands downwards (handstand)
70
Define supination
Palm of hands upwards (bicep curl)
71
Define dorsi flexion
Action or pulling toes up to the tibia (long jumper)
72
Define plantar flexion
Action of pointing your toes upwards (gymnastics)
73
Short term impact on the skeletal system from exercise
Increased production of synovial fluid Reduces impact and increases range of movement
74
Long term positive impact on the skeletal system from exercise
Improved bone density Improved strength of ligaments Decreases risk of osteoporosis Increases range of movement and flexibility Increased stability of joints Increases thickness of cartilage Improved posture
75
Long term negative impacts on the skeletal system from exercise
Stress fractures Lower back pain Increased risk of osteoarthritis Overuse injuries (tennis elbow/shin splints) Fractures and dislocations

OCR PE (11 decks)

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