Unit 1 (Body Systems): Energy Systems Flashcards
Define ATP
Adenosine-triphosphate, the only compound cells can take energy from.
Define ADP
Adenosine-diphosphate, the compound after ATP is hydrolysed to release energy.
Define PC
Phosphocreatine, a compound used to resynthesise ATP
Define energy
Used to power all cells in the body
Define exothermic
A reaction that gives off energy
Define endothermic
A reaction that requires energy
ATP lasts for how long?
2 seconds
Define the advantages of the ATP-PC system
PC is readily available (stored in muscles)
No O2 required
Simple reaction so can happen quickly
No negative bi-products
When is the ATP-PC system effective?
In the use of short, high-intensity exercises and sports such as 100m, a hockey penalty or gymnastics vault.
What are the disadvantages of the ATP-PC system?
It only lasts 10 seconds
The ration of resynthesis is 1:1
There are limited stores of CP that cannot be greatly increased.
Define lactic acid
The by product of the energy system that inhibits muscular contraction
Define glycogen
One of the ways in which glucose is stored chemically in the body
Define glucose
A simple sugar that is used to produce energy for the body
Define pyruvic acid
The by product of glycolysis
Define sarcoplasm
Fluid around the muscle fibre where some reactions take place.
Define glycolysis
The process by which glycogen is converted into energy
Define glycogen phosphorylase
The enzyme that increases the breakdown of glycogen
Define phosphofructokinase
The enzyme that increases the breakdown of glucose
Define lactate dehydrogenase
The enzyme that converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid
What is the ATP-PC system?
CP is broken down to provide energy required to reproduce 1 ATP.
Recovery time for the ATP-PC system
3 minutes
What is the lactic acid/lactate pathway?
Using glucose/glycogen to restore ATP
ADP + Glucose
Anaerobic - no oxygen required
Type of reaction for the lactic acid system
Anaerobic glycolysis
How many ATP does the lactic acid system resynthesize?
2-3 ATP
Duration of the lactic acid system
10s - 2m
Recovery time of the lactic acid system
1-2 hours
When is the lactic acid system used?
Stop start games
Describe the lactic acid system
ATP requires resynthesizing
Glucose is broken down to provide energy to resynthesize ATP
Pyruvate as a bi-product (no oxygen present) so turns into lactic acid
Produces 3 ATP
Benefits of the lactic acid system
No O2 required - energy can be produced quickly
Greater yield of ATP than ATP-PC system
Lasts longer
Disadvantages of the lactic acid system
Only lasts for a few minutes
Lactate ends up in muscles
25x more acidic
May affect breakdown of glycogen by denaturing enzymes affecting muscle contractions
Type of reaction for the aerobic pathway
Aerobic glycolysis
Fuel source for the aerobic pathway
Glycogen and fat
Duration for the aerobic pathway
Longer than two minutes
Recovery time of the aerobic pathway
24-48 hours
when is the aerobic pathway used
Long distance and endurance
Describe the aerobic pathway
Same initial stage as the lactic acid system (up to the breaking down of glucose)
Pyruvate in the presence of oxygen is broken down into Acetyl CoA (or can be formed by fats that have been beta-oxidised)
It passes through the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transmission Chain forming bi-products: CO2, H2O and O2 producing more energy.
Benefits of the aerobic pathway
Energy for a long period of time (large stores of glycogen and fats)
Yield of ATP is high (34-38)
No harmful waste products
