Unit 1 (Body Systems): Muscular System Flashcards
Muscles act across where…
Joints
Active muscles at the shoulder
Anterior deltoid
Posterior deltoid
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Trapezius
Teres major
Active muscles at the elbow
Bicep and tricep brachii
Active muscles at the radioulnar
Pronator teres
Supinator muscle
Muscles acting at the wrist
Wrist flexors and extensors
Active muscles at the vertebral
Rectus abdominus
Erector spinae
Internal and external obliques
Active muscles at the hip
Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Active muscles at the knee
Quads: Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, intermedialis and lateralis
Hamstring: Bicep femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
Active muscles at the ankle
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Define agonist
Muscle responsible for movement
Become shorter and fatter
Define antagonist
Muscles that relax in response to the active muscle
Define a fixator
The muscle(s) that stabilise a joint
Define isometric
No movement
Muscle length stays the same
Muscle contracts without movement
Eg Plank, wall sit and scrum
Define eccentric
Lengthens under tension
Deceleration
Origin and insertion move further apart
Define concentric
Muscle shortens or contracts
Origin and insertion move closer together
Eg Most sporting movements
Define hypertrophy
An increase in size and strength of a muscle
Define hyperplasia
Muscle fibres split to increase their number
Define contraction time
They speed at which the muscle fibre types contract
Define motor neuron
Number of muscle fibres attached to a single nerve. The more fibres, the greater the contraction.
Define resistance to fatigue
How quickly the fibres get tired
Define force production
How hard the fibres contract (often relate to Morton neuron size)
Define mitochondria
Aerobically respire to produce ATP (an energy carrying molecule) providing energy to muscle fibres using oxygen
Define capillary density
Provide the opportunity for the oxygen to diffuse into muscles.
Increased capillary density provided more oxygen to the muscles.
Define oxidative capacity
Indicates the muscles capacity to use oxygen when working and is linked to the number of capillaries and mitochondria available
Define glycolytic capacity
Indicates the body’s capacity to use glycogen when working.
When working this way the muscle can contract without oxygen
Define major fuel
Fuel source that fibres prefer to use.
Triglycerides (fats) require lots of oxygen to be used as an energy source
Glycogen and Creatine Phosphate can be used without oxygen
Type 1 Muscle Fibres
Slow twitch
Type 2A Muscle Fibres
Fast Twitch Oxydative Glycotic
FOG
Type 2B Muscle Fibres
Fast twitch glycolytic
Example of athletes with Type 1 muscle fibres
Long distance runners
Examples of athletes with Type 2A muscle fibres
400/800m runners
Athletes who may have type 2B muscle fibres
Short sprinters
Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a short or long motor neuron?
Short
Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a low or high contraction speed?
Low
Do Type 1 muscle fibres have little or many mitochondria?
Many
Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a low or high resistance to fatigue?
High
Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a low or high fatigue rate?
Low
How many muscle fibres do Type 1 muscle fibres have?
Some
Type 1 muscle fibres fuel source.
Oxygen for aerobic respiration and triglycerides.
Why are slow twitch muscle fibres represented as red on a diagram?
Contain haemoglobin.
Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a high or low capillary density?
High
Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a oxidative or glycolytic capacity?
Oxidative
Name a football position that would benefit from slow twitch fibres.
CM/CB
Name three short term positive effects of exercise on the muscular system.
Increased blood flow.
Increased muscle temperature.
Increase alertness to hormones.
Name three short term negative effects of exercise on the muscular system.
Increased chance of muscle soreness.
Fatigue (lactic acid build up)
Energy stores and myoglobin (affect volume of O2 that can go to muscles from blood) depleted.
What is lactic acid broken down by?
Oxygen
What does a warm up do?
Increase the blood flow to muscles, improving oxygen, glycogen and triglyceride levels without depleting the muscle.
Increases the muscle temperature to reduce the risk of injury.
What does a cool down do?
Maintains the blood flow to the muscles, providing the muscles an opportunity to replenish levels of glycogen and creatine phosphate.
Refreshes the levels of oxygen to break down lactic acid, preventing muscle soreness and DOMS.
Long term positive impacts of physical activity on the muscular system.
Hypertrophy, which improves strength and contraction speed.
Hyperplasia, improving the strength of contractions and increases neuron size.
Increased availability of the fuel source required.
Slow twitch and FOG develop bigger and more efficient capillary beds, increasing mitochondria density. (Capillarisation, increasing diffusion efficiency.
Long term negative impacts of physical activity on the muscular system.
Overuse injuries.
Fasciitis (inflammation of the sheath around a muscle)
