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OCR PE > Unit 1 (Body Systems): Muscular System > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Body Systems): Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles act across where…

A

Joints

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2
Q

Active muscles at the shoulder

A

Anterior deltoid
Posterior deltoid
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Trapezius
Teres major

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3
Q

Active muscles at the elbow

A

Bicep and tricep brachii

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4
Q

Active muscles at the radioulnar

A

Pronator teres
Supinator muscle

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5
Q

Muscles acting at the wrist

A

Wrist flexors and extensors

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6
Q

Active muscles at the vertebral

A

Rectus abdominus
Erector spinae
Internal and external obliques

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7
Q

Active muscles at the hip

A

Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius

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8
Q

Active muscles at the knee

A

Quads: Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, intermedialis and lateralis
Hamstring: Bicep femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

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9
Q

Active muscles at the ankle

A

Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

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10
Q

Define agonist

A

Muscle responsible for movement
Become shorter and fatter

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11
Q

Define antagonist

A

Muscles that relax in response to the active muscle

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12
Q

Define a fixator

A

The muscle(s) that stabilise a joint

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13
Q

Define isometric

A

No movement
Muscle length stays the same
Muscle contracts without movement

Eg Plank, wall sit and scrum

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14
Q

Define eccentric

A

Lengthens under tension
Deceleration
Origin and insertion move further apart

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15
Q

Define concentric

A

Muscle shortens or contracts
Origin and insertion move closer together

Eg Most sporting movements

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16
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

An increase in size and strength of a muscle

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17
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Muscle fibres split to increase their number

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18
Q

Define contraction time

A

They speed at which the muscle fibre types contract

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19
Q

Define motor neuron

A

Number of muscle fibres attached to a single nerve. The more fibres, the greater the contraction.

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20
Q

Define resistance to fatigue

A

How quickly the fibres get tired

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21
Q

Define force production

A

How hard the fibres contract (often relate to Morton neuron size)

22
Q

Define mitochondria

A

Aerobically respire to produce ATP (an energy carrying molecule) providing energy to muscle fibres using oxygen

23
Q

Define capillary density

A

Provide the opportunity for the oxygen to diffuse into muscles.
Increased capillary density provided more oxygen to the muscles.

24
Q

Define oxidative capacity

A

Indicates the muscles capacity to use oxygen when working and is linked to the number of capillaries and mitochondria available

25
Q

Define glycolytic capacity

A

Indicates the body’s capacity to use glycogen when working.
When working this way the muscle can contract without oxygen

26
Q

Define major fuel

A

Fuel source that fibres prefer to use.
Triglycerides (fats) require lots of oxygen to be used as an energy source
Glycogen and Creatine Phosphate can be used without oxygen

27
Q

Type 1 Muscle Fibres

A

Slow twitch

28
Q

Type 2A Muscle Fibres

A

Fast Twitch Oxydative Glycotic
FOG

29
Q

Type 2B Muscle Fibres

A

Fast twitch glycolytic

30
Q

Example of athletes with Type 1 muscle fibres

A

Long distance runners

31
Q

Examples of athletes with Type 2A muscle fibres

A

400/800m runners

32
Q

Athletes who may have type 2B muscle fibres

A

Short sprinters

33
Q

Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a short or long motor neuron?

A

Short

34
Q

Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a low or high contraction speed?

A

Low

35
Q

Do Type 1 muscle fibres have little or many mitochondria?

A

Many

36
Q

Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a low or high resistance to fatigue?

A

High

37
Q

Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a low or high fatigue rate?

A

Low

38
Q

How many muscle fibres do Type 1 muscle fibres have?

A

Some

39
Q

Type 1 muscle fibres fuel source.

A

Oxygen for aerobic respiration and triglycerides.

40
Q

Why are slow twitch muscle fibres represented as red on a diagram?

A

Contain haemoglobin.

41
Q

Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a high or low capillary density?

A

High

42
Q

Do Type 1 muscle fibres have a oxidative or glycolytic capacity?

A

Oxidative

43
Q

Name a football position that would benefit from slow twitch fibres.

A

CM/CB

44
Q

Name three short term positive effects of exercise on the muscular system.

A

Increased blood flow.
Increased muscle temperature.
Increase alertness to hormones.

45
Q

Name three short term negative effects of exercise on the muscular system.

A

Increased chance of muscle soreness.
Fatigue (lactic acid build up)
Energy stores and myoglobin (affect volume of O2 that can go to muscles from blood) depleted.

46
Q

What is lactic acid broken down by?

A

Oxygen

47
Q

What does a warm up do?

A

Increase the blood flow to muscles, improving oxygen, glycogen and triglyceride levels without depleting the muscle.
Increases the muscle temperature to reduce the risk of injury.

48
Q

What does a cool down do?

A

Maintains the blood flow to the muscles, providing the muscles an opportunity to replenish levels of glycogen and creatine phosphate.
Refreshes the levels of oxygen to break down lactic acid, preventing muscle soreness and DOMS.

49
Q

Long term positive impacts of physical activity on the muscular system.

A

Hypertrophy, which improves strength and contraction speed.
Hyperplasia, improving the strength of contractions and increases neuron size.
Increased availability of the fuel source required.
Slow twitch and FOG develop bigger and more efficient capillary beds, increasing mitochondria density. (Capillarisation, increasing diffusion efficiency.

50
Q

Long term negative impacts of physical activity on the muscular system.

A

Overuse injuries.
Fasciitis (inflammation of the sheath around a muscle)

OCR PE (11 decks)

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