Unit 1: AOS1 - Bbody Systems And Human Movement Flashcards
What are the types of muscles?
- smooth muscles
- skeletal muscles
- cardiac muscles
What are the functions of the muscular system?
- allows movement
- maintains posture
- permits essential body functions - heart, breathing, digestion
- production of body heat
What is a smooth muscle?
Muscles found in blood vessels and intestinal walls
They are internal, involuntary muscles
What is a skeletal muscle?
They are external voluntary muscles.
Eg. Deltoid, quadriceps, biceps
What is a cardiac muscle?
Only found in the wall of heart
Involuntary
What are the types of muscle movement?
Contraction and relaxation
What is an agonist
A muscle creating the movement is called the agonist
What is the antagonist
The muscle relaxing is called the antagonist
What are the types of muscle contraction?
Isotonic -concentric = against gravity -eccentric = with gravity Isometric Isokinetic
What is isotonic muscle contraction?
The muscle length changes during contraction
What is concentric contraction?
Muscle shortens with tension (biceps curl up)
AGAINST GRAVITY
What is eccentric contraction?
Muscle lengthens with tension (biceps curl down)
WITH GRAVITY
What is isometric contraction?
Muscle length doesn’t change
What is isokinetic muscle contraction?
Max tension at every angle
What are the two basic types of fibre arrangement?
Fusiform
Pennate
What is fusiform fibre arrangement?
An example is a bicep
Advantage: range of motion
Disadvantage: force
What is Pennate fibre arrangement?
Unipennate Bipennate - quads Multipennate - deltoid Advantage: force Disadvantage: range of motion
What are the types of muscle fibre
Fast twitch (white) Slow twitch (red)
What are slow twitch fibres?
Aerobic fibres Produce large amounts of energy slowly Suited to endurance events Low force but long duration eg. Marathons Red in colour Low fatigue
What are fast twitch fibres?
Anaerobic fibres Produce a small amount of energy quickly Suited to power events High force but short duration eg. Sprint/power events White in colour High fitigue
What are the types of synovial joints?
Gliding joint Pivot ball and socket Hinge Saddle Condyloid
What are uniaxial joints?
Only allowing movement in one place, such as back and forth movement.
Eg. Hinge joint in the elbows and knees
What are biaxial joints?
Allowing movement in two places, such as side to side and back and forth movements
Eg. Condyloid joints in wrists and ankles
What are triaxial joints
There is only one major type of synovial triaxial joint: ball-and-socket. As its name implies, one bone is shaped like a ball and fits into the socket shape of the other bone.
Define reciprocal inhibition
Reciprocal inhibition describes the process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint. Joints are controlled by two opposing sets of muscles, extensors and flexors, which must work in synchrony for smooth movement.
What is meant by the term axial?
The centre of the body
Eg. Skull, mandible, ribs, sternum, spine
What is meant by the term appendicular?
The connections
Eg. Arms and legs
Medial
Towards the middle of the body
Eg, the nose is medial to the ears
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Eg. The ears are lateral to the eyes
Superior
Closer to the head than any other part
Eg. The shoulder is superior to the elbow
Inferior
Closer to the feet than any other part
Eg. The knee is inferior to the hip
Anterior
Towards the front of the body
Eg. The pectorals are anterior to the latissimus dorsi
Posterior
Towards the back of the body
Eg. The hamstrings are posterior to the quadriceps
Name the four curves of the spine
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fixed or fibrous - no movement. Eg. Skull
Cartilaginous - slightly moveable eg. Lumbar vertebrae
Synovial - move freely eg.hip
What is a myofibril?
Very fine contractile strands that make up a fibre
What is the muscle belly?
Thickest part of the muscle
What is actin and myosin??
Microscopic protein filaments that slide over each other to enable contraction (make up sarcomere)
What is the ‘all or none’ law
A muscle fibre either contracts fully or not at all.
The nerve impulse is either strong enough to make the fibre contract.
Or
It is not strong enough and therefore the fibre doesn’t contract.
