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PE > Unit 1: AOS1 - Bbody Systems And Human Movement > Flashcards

Unit 1: AOS1 - Bbody Systems And Human Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of muscles?

A
  • smooth muscles
  • skeletal muscles
  • cardiac muscles
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2
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A
  • allows movement
  • maintains posture
  • permits essential body functions - heart, breathing, digestion
  • production of body heat
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3
Q

What is a smooth muscle?

A

Muscles found in blood vessels and intestinal walls

They are internal, involuntary muscles

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4
Q

What is a skeletal muscle?

A

They are external voluntary muscles.

Eg. Deltoid, quadriceps, biceps

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5
Q

What is a cardiac muscle?

A

Only found in the wall of heart

Involuntary

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6
Q

What are the types of muscle movement?

A

Contraction and relaxation

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7
Q

What is an agonist

A

A muscle creating the movement is called the agonist

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8
Q

What is the antagonist

A

The muscle relaxing is called the antagonist

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9
Q

What are the types of muscle contraction?

A 
Isotonic
-concentric = against gravity
-eccentric = with gravity
Isometric
Isokinetic
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10
Q

What is isotonic muscle contraction?

A

The muscle length changes during contraction

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11
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Muscle shortens with tension (biceps curl up)

AGAINST GRAVITY

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12
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

Muscle lengthens with tension (biceps curl down)

WITH GRAVITY

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13
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Muscle length doesn’t change

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14
Q

What is isokinetic muscle contraction?

A

Max tension at every angle

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15
Q

What are the two basic types of fibre arrangement?

A

Fusiform

Pennate

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16
Q

What is fusiform fibre arrangement?

A

An example is a bicep
Advantage: range of motion
Disadvantage: force

17
Q

What is Pennate fibre arrangement?

A 
Unipennate
Bipennate - quads
Multipennate - deltoid
Advantage: force
Disadvantage: range of motion
18
Q

What are the types of muscle fibre

A 
Fast twitch (white)
Slow twitch (red)
19
Q

What are slow twitch fibres?

A 
Aerobic fibres
Produce large amounts of energy slowly
Suited to endurance events
Low force but long duration eg. Marathons
Red in colour
Low fatigue
20
Q

What are fast twitch fibres?

A 
Anaerobic fibres
Produce a small amount of energy quickly
Suited to power events
High force but short duration eg. Sprint/power events
White in colour
High fitigue
21
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A 
Gliding joint
Pivot 
ball and socket
Hinge
Saddle
Condyloid
22
Q

What are uniaxial joints?

A

Only allowing movement in one place, such as back and forth movement.
Eg. Hinge joint in the elbows and knees

23
Q

What are biaxial joints?

A

Allowing movement in two places, such as side to side and back and forth movements
Eg. Condyloid joints in wrists and ankles

24
Q

What are triaxial joints

A

There is only one major type of synovial triaxial joint: ball-and-socket. As its name implies, one bone is shaped like a ball and fits into the socket shape of the other bone.

25
Q

Define reciprocal inhibition

A

Reciprocal inhibition describes the process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint. Joints are controlled by two opposing sets of muscles, extensors and flexors, which must work in synchrony for smooth movement.

26
Q

What is meant by the term axial?

A

The centre of the body

Eg. Skull, mandible, ribs, sternum, spine

27
Q

What is meant by the term appendicular?

A

The connections

Eg. Arms and legs

28
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle of the body

Eg, the nose is medial to the ears

29
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

Eg. The ears are lateral to the eyes

30
Q

Superior

A

Closer to the head than any other part

Eg. The shoulder is superior to the elbow

31
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to the feet than any other part

Eg. The knee is inferior to the hip

32
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front of the body

Eg. The pectorals are anterior to the latissimus dorsi

33
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back of the body

Eg. The hamstrings are posterior to the quadriceps

34
Q

Name the four curves of the spine

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

35
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fixed or fibrous - no movement. Eg. Skull
Cartilaginous - slightly moveable eg. Lumbar vertebrae
Synovial - move freely eg.hip

36
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Very fine contractile strands that make up a fibre

37
Q

What is the muscle belly?

A

Thickest part of the muscle

38
Q

What is actin and myosin??

A

Microscopic protein filaments that slide over each other to enable contraction (make up sarcomere)

39
Q

What is the ‘all or none’ law

A

A muscle fibre either contracts fully or not at all.
The nerve impulse is either strong enough to make the fibre contract.
Or
It is not strong enough and therefore the fibre doesn’t contract.

PE (15 decks)

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