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Biology 12 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are some features of carbohydrates?

A

They can dissolve into cytoplasm and can be transported by body fluids.

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1
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Source of energy for cellular respiration. And are used in energy storage and structural models.

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2
Q

What do oligosaccharides and polysaccharides do in the body?

A

They make up digestive fibres that trap water and help move waste out of the digestive tract.

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3
Q

What is amylose?

A

200-20000 glucose long linear helix. Forms a colloidal dispersion is hot water.

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4
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Highly branched up to 2 million glucose long chain with branches of 30 glucose a every 20-30 glucoses

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5
Q

What is starch?

A

Major form of stored carbohydrate in plants. 10-20% amylose and 80-90% amylopectin

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6
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Same as amylopectin but branches of 13 glucoses and more frequent. Sprouts out of two proteins called glycogenin. Main form of stores carbohydrates in the body.

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7
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Linear chain of alternating glucose and galactose units. Major structural material of plants.

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8
Q

What is chitin?

A

Same as cellulose but with -NH-CO-CH3 instead of the -OH on the second carbon of each molecule.

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9
Q

What is inulin?

A

Fructose chains with terminal glucose molecules of 35 fructoses long. Some plants store extra fructose as inulin.

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10
Q

What qualifies something as a lipid?

A

Must be insoluble in water but soluble in other organic solvents.

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11
Q

What are the major functions of lipids?

A

Sources of energy for cellular respiration. Provide protection around organs. Forms a barrier between cell and its watery environment.

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12
Q

What are the endings when naming saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated -anoic acid

Unsaturated -enoic acid

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13
Q

What are triglycerides used for within the body?

A

Energy storage

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14
Q

What are phospholipids and what are their relationship to water?

A

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group. Amphiphilic.

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15
Q

What are waxes and what are they used for?

A

Fatty acid + alcohol

Used as a waterproofer by plants and animals.

16
Q

What are steroids and what are they used for?

A

17 carbons in 4 rings with different side chains and locations of said side chains. Location of double bonds within the rings varies as well. Forms part of the cell membrane, hormones and vitamins.

17
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Lipid with short chains of sugar. Found in cell membranes. Used I. Cell to cell recognition.

18
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Lipids + proteins
Found in membranes
Lipids take this form to travel through the blood and lymphatic systems

19
Q

What are the functions of proteins in the body?

A 
Building and maintaining cell membranes
Form enzymes
Form hormones
Last source of energy for cellular respiration
Form antibodies
Regulate genes
20
Q

Which side of an amino acid is considered basic and acidic?

A

Amino group is basic and carboxyl group is acidic.

21
Q

What are proteins decomposed by?

A

Proteases and water.

22
Q

Explain primary protein structure

A

The order of amino acids and any disulfide bridges

23
Q

Explain secondary protein structure

A

Hydrogen bonding to give shape. Either rigid and springy alpha helix, rigid with little stretch beta pleated sheets, or random coil with no pattern.

24
Q

Explain tertiary protein structure

A

R groups interact to produce an globular structure. Hydrophilic turns outward and hydrophobic turns inward.

25
Q

Explain quarternary protein structure

A

More than one polypeptide chain coming together with forces other than disulfide bridges or covalent bonds.

26
Q

What are oligomeric proteins?

A

Proteins with more than one polypeptide chain

27
Q

What is a protomer?

A

The name for a single peptide chain

28
Q

What are identical polypeptide chains called?

A

Homo-oligomers

29
Q

What are several distinct polypeptide chains in a single protein called?

A

Hetero-oligomers

30
Q

Describe insulin

A

2 polypeptide chains with 51 aa and 3 disulfide bridges

31
Q

Explain lysozyme

A

1 polypeptide chain of 129 aa and 4 disulfide bridges. Breaks down polysaccharide walls of bacteria and defends agains infection.

32
Q

Describe myoglobin

A

153 aa with 8 alpha helix regions and a bend at every segment. And a prosthetic group.

33
Q

Describe lysozyme

A

129 aa 3 alpha helixs and a section of bet pleated sheet. And a tight packaging of atoms.

34
Q

What is a conjucated protein?

A

A protein with a prosthetic group.

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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