Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IGCSEs by Thili > 🍄 | Unit 1 & 2 | Characteristics, Classification and Organization of Living Organisms > Flashcards

🍄 | Unit 1 & 2 | Characteristics, Classification and Organization of Living Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What do animals need for nutrition?

A

Animals require organic compounds, ions and usually water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are organisms usually classified?

A

Organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they share

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens when the species get more and more subdivided?

A

The species in these groups have more and more features in common the more subdivided they get

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the sequence of classification?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do organisms share features?

A

Organisms have features in common because they originally descend from a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How were organisms classified originally?

A

They were classified using morphology and anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How were organisms classified as technology advanced?

A

As technology advanced, organisms were classified using microscopes, knowledge of biochemistry and DNA sequencing, which allowed us to classify organisms in a more scientific approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did studies of DNA sequences of different species show?

A

Studies of DNA sequencing of different species showed that the more similar the base sequences in the DNA of two species are, the more closely related they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are DNA sequences used to code for?

A

DNA sequences are used to code for amino acid sequences in proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Can amino acid sequences be used to determine how closely related organisms are?

A

Yes, amino acid sequences can also be used to determine how closely related organisms are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why aren’t viruses a part of any classification system?

A

Viruses are not part of any classification system because they are not considered living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do viruses carry out the seven life processes?

A

No, viruses do not carry out the seven life processes. Instead, they take over the host cell’s metabolic pathways to make multiple copies of themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the structure of a virus?

A

A virus structure is genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protein coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The cells of all organisms contain…

A
  • cytoplasm
  • DNA as genetic material (either in the nucleus or spread around the cytoplasm)
  • a cell membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When observed under an electron microscope, all cells also contain…

A

…ribosomes for protein synthesis, and enzymes for respiration (enzymes are usually found in mitochondria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The five kingdoms organisms are

A

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctists, Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is saprophytic?

A

Saprophytic means to feed on dead or decaying material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is parasitic?

A

Parasitic means to feed on live material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What two categories can animals be split into?

A

Vertebrates and invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a common feature of vertebrates?

A

All vertebrates have a backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Classes of vertebrates

A

Mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Main features of mammals

A

• have fur/hair on skin
• have a placenta
• young feed from mammary glands
• have external ears
• endothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Main features of birds

A

• have feathers on skin
• lay eggs with hard shells on land
• have two wings and two legs instead of forelimbs
• have a beak
• endothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Main features of amphibians

A

• have smooth, moist skin
• lay eggs without shells in water
• adults usually live on land (so they have lungs), larvae live in water (so they have gills)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Main features of reptiles

A

• have dry, fixed scales on skin
• lay eggs with rubbery shells on land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Main features of fish

A

• have loose, wet scales on skin
• lay eggs without shells in water
• have gills to breathe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a morphological characteristic used to classify invertebrates?

A

A morphological characteristic used to classify invertebrates is whether they have legs or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are Arthropods?

A

Arthropods are a phylum of invertebrates that have jointed legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Classes of Arthropods

A

Myriapods, insects, arachnids and crustaceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Main features of myriapods

A

• body consists of many segments
• each segment has at least one pair of jointed legs
• one pair of antennae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Main features of insects

A

• 3-part body: head, thorax, abdomen
• three pairs of jointed legs
• two pairs of wings (either or both pairs are vestigial)
• one pair of antennae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Main features of arachnids

A

• 2-part body: cephalothorax and abdomen
• four pairs of jointed legs
• no antennae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Main features of crustaceans

A

• more than four pairs of jointed legs
• chalky exoskeleton made of calcium
• two pairs of antennae
• breathe through gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The plant kingdom includes organisms such as…

A

…ferns and flowering plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the pigment that plants contain?

A

At least part of a plant is green because of the presence of the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs energy from sunlight for the process of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the leaves of ferns called?

A

The leaves of ferns are called fronds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Do ferns produce flowers?

A

No, ferns do not produce flowers, instead reproduce by spores produced on the underside of the fronds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do flowering plants reproduce?

A

Flowering plants reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How are the seeds in flowering plants produced?

A

The seeds in flowering plants are produced inside the ovary, at the base of the flower

40
Q

Into what groups can flowering plants be divided?

A

Monocotyledons and dicotyledons

41
Q

Features of monocotyledons

A

• have a taproot system
• flowers’ petals are in multiples of three
• have parallel leaf veins

42
Q

Features of dicotyledons

A

• have fibrous roots
• flowers contain petals in multiples of four or five
• have reticulated leaf veins

43
Q

Where is cytoplasm found?

A

Cytoplasm is found inside the cell and contains all the other cell structures

44
Q

What is the large nucleus surrounded by?

A

The large nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane to separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm

45
Q

What is the position of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane surrounds the cell

46
Q

What is the position of the cell wall (in plants)?

A

The cell wall is made out of cellulose and surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells

47
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts are organelles that are packed with the pigment chlorophyll and so they are green in colour

48
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles are large vesicles that take up a large part of the interior of a plant cell

49
Q

All cells except for prokaryotic cells contain

A

mitochondria and ribosomes

50
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are organelles that are found throughout the cell (aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria)

51
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are tiny structures that can be free within the cytoplasm or attached to a system of membranes called Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

52
Q

Functions of nucleus

A

Nucleus controls cell division and contains genetic material in chromosomes which controls how cells work and grow

53
Q

Functions of cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm supports cell structures, is the site of many chemical reactions and contains water and many solutes

54
Q

Functions of cell wall

A

Cell wall gives the cell extra support and defines its shape

55
Q

Functions of cell membrane

A

The cell membrane holds the cell together and controls substances entering and leaving the cell

56
Q

Functions of a vacuole

A
  • Contains cell sap
  • Used for storage of certain materials
  • Helps support the shape of the cell
57
Q

Functions of chloroplasts

A

∘ sites of photosynthesis, providing food for plants
∘ chlorophyll pigments absorb the light energy needed for the reaction to happen

58
Q

Functions of mitochondria

A

Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, providing energy for the cell, and cells with higher rates of metabolism have higher numbers of mitochondria to provide sufficient energy

59
Q

Functions of ribosomes

A

Ribosomes are the site of protein production in protein synthesis

60
Q

Functions of vesicles

A

Vesicles are used to safely transport substances from one part of a cell to another

61
Q

What are specialized cells?

A

Specialized cells are those which have developed certain characteristics to perform particular functions

62
Q

How are these differences in specialized cells
controlled?

A

These differences are controlled by genes in the nucleus

63
Q

How do cells specialize?

A

Cells specialize by undergoing differentiation

64
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Differentiation is a process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to be able to carry out their functions

65
Q

Function of ciliated cells

A

Movement of the mucus in the trachea and bronchi

66
Q

Adaptations of ciliated cells

A

Extensions of cytoplasm at the surface of the cell form hair-like structures (cilia) which beat to move mucus and trapped particles up to the throat

67
Q

Function of nerve cells

A

Conduction of impulses

68
Q

Adaptations of nerve cells

A

∘ long
∘ have extensions and branches
∘ the axon is covered with a fatty sheath

69
Q

Functions of red blood cell

A

Transport of oxygen

70
Q

Adaptations of red blood cell

A
  • biconcave disc shape
  • contains haemoglobin
  • doesn’t contain a nucleus
71
Q

Function of sperm cell

A

Reproduction

72
Q

Adaptations of sperm cell

A

∘ the head contains genetic material for fertilisation in a haploid nucleus
∘ the acrosome in the head contains digestive enzymes to penetrate an egg
∘ the middle piece is packed with mitochondria
∘ tail enables sperm to swim

73
Q

Function of egg cell

A

Reproduction

74
Q

Adaptations of egg cell

A
  • haploid nucleus contains genetic material for fertilisation
  • jelly-like coating that changes after fertilisation so that no more sperm can enter
  • cytoplasm containing a store of energy which will provide energy for the dividing zygote
75
Q

Function of root hair cell

A

absorption of water and mineral ions from soil

76
Q

Adaptations of root hair cell

A
  • increased surface area to ensure maximum absorption of water and mineral ions
  • walls are thin to make sure water moves through quickly
  • no chloroplasts present
77
Q

Function of xylem vessel

A

Conduction of water through the plant; support of the plant

78
Q

Adaptations of xylem vessel

A
  • there are no top and bottom walls between xylem vessels so there is a continuous column of water running through them
  • cells are dead without organelles or cytoplasm to allow free passage of water
  • their walls become thickened with a substance called lignin, which means that they are able to help support the plant
79
Q

Function of palisade mesophyll cell

A

Photosynthesis

80
Q

Adaptations of palisade mesophyll cell

A
  • column shaped to maximize absorption of sunlight and fit as many in a layer under the upper epidermis of the leaf as possible
  • contains many chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis
81
Q

Organs in a root system

A

root, tuber

82
Q

organs in the immune system

A

thymus, spleen

83
Q

organs in the excretory system

A

liver, kidney, skin, lungs

84
Q

organs in the nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord

85
Q

organs in the reproductive system

A

ovary, cervix, vagina, uterus,
testes, penis

86
Q

What is the use of a classification system?

A

Classification systems’ goal is to reflect evolutionary relationships between organisms.

87
Q

Why is the axon of a nerve cell covered with a fatty sheath?

A

To insulate the nerve cell and speed up nerve impulses.

88
Q

Why is the nerve cell long?

A

So that it can run to and from different parts of the body and the nervous system.

89
Q

Why does the nerve cell have branches and extensions?

A

The nerve cell has extensions and branches so that it can communicate with other nerve cells, glands and muscles.

90
Q

Why do red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape?

A

To increase the surface area for more efficient diffusion of oxygen

91
Q

Why do red blood cells have no nucleus?

A

To increase the amount of space available for haemoglobin inside the cell

92
Q

Why do red blood cells contain haemoglobin?

A

Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which joins with oxygen to transport it.

93
Q

Plant cells

Unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular

94
Q

Animal cells

Unicellular or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

95
Q

Protoctist cells

Unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular mostly

sometimes multicellular

96
Q

Fungal cells

Unicellular or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

97
Q

Prokaryotic cells

Unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular

IGCSEs by Thili (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions